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1 Final Exam Veronica Adebayo (0415199) Department of Indigenous Social Work. ISWK 2006: Indigenous Social Welfare Issues. Prof. Michelle Kennedy. July 23, 2022.

2 Part One Tribal Culture Indigenous Peoples are unique social and cultural groups with historical ties to the lands and resources they live (Mercredi & Turpel, 1993). Cultural Genocide The deliberate eradication of culture is referred to as cultural genocide. It need not involve murder or violence against members of the target group. Cultural genocide, for instance, might affect the destruction of cultural practices, artifacts, languages, and traditions (Encyclopedia, 2020). Heterophobia Heterophobia refers to early settlers' fabricated dread and hostility toward Indigenous peoples because they were perceived as "different from the norm." The colonizers used stereotypes of the native peoples as untamed, subhuman, and animalistic to foster a discriminatory mentality (Neufield & Therrien, 2005). Diversity Diversity is the intentional inclusion of individuals from various racial, gender, and religious backgrounds in a group or activity. Indigenous peoples come from a diverse range of geographical locations, political systems, cultural traditions, racial groups, and, in modern times, even residence styles, including rural and urban. The diversity of Indigenous Peoples is a crucial heritage from a time when all human communities were diverse and tribal (Champagne, 2018).

3 Assimilation Assimilation can be defined as the process of integrating a person or group into the dominant group of society so that any prior disparities are no longer readily apparent. Assimilation is a practice based on the idea that once contained, Indigenous peoples will adopt Western customs and be absorbed into Canadian society ( Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, 1996). Enfranchisement Enfranchisement is a procedure that is required by law to remove an individual's Indian status and grant them full Canadian citizenship. The Canadian federal government's assimilation policy toward Indigenous peoples included enfranchisement as a fundamental component. It was one primary means to promote assimilation ( Mawhiney, 2001). Royal Proclamation The Royal Proclamation was a document that provided instructions for European settlers in what is now North America's Indigenous regions. The Royal Proclamation of 1763 declared that the government would buy any unclaimed land deemed suitable for settlement and acknowledged the rights of Indigenous people to that land (Neufield & Therrien, 2005). Population Health Population health refers to the health status and outcomes within a group rather than concentrating on one person's health at a time. Indigenous peoples have disproportionately high rates of HIV/AIDS, cardiovascular disease, malnutrition, maternal and newborn mortality, and other infectious diseases, including malaria and tuberculosis (United Nations).

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4 Holism Holism is the concept that a whole is greater than the sum of its parts due to the intricate connections between its legs. It prohibits them from existing independently of the whole or being understood without reference. Holistic conceptions of well-being incorporate health's spiritual, emotional, physical, and mental facets. To sustain one's health and well-being, as well as that of their family and community, one must maintain balance within these four dimensions (Bhattarcharjee & Maltby, 2017). Allyship Allyship is when a person of privilege works in solidarity and cooperation with a marginalized group of people to assist in dismantling the systems that threaten that group's fundamental rights, equal access, and ability to flourish in our society. By becoming an ally, you acknowledge settler cultures’ advantages and take them for granted. Additionally, it indicates that you oppose and seek to remove impediments that continue to harm Indigenous populations (Laurentian University, 2022). Decolonization Decolonization is the process of eliminating colonial conceptions that Western ideas and methods are superior and preferable. It is a healing process transitioning from a place of resentment, sadness, and loss to one where Indigenous Peoples flourish (Indigenous Corporate Training, 2017). Indian Act The Canadian federal law, the Indian Act, regulates issues relating to Indian status, bands, and reservations. It is the main piece of legislation that the federal government employs to

5 oversee the management of reserve lands, local First Nations governments, and Indian status. It also explains the government’s responsibility to the First Nations people (Parrott, 2020). Self-Government Indigenous communities may control the management of their people, territory, resources, and related programs and policies through agreements with the federal and provincial governments through the legal structure of indigenous self-government (Henderson, 2020). Mainstream Concept of Health The mainstream concept of health is a system in which medical doctors and other healthcare professionals use medications, radiation, or surgery to treat symptoms and diseases (including nurses, pharmacists, and therapists), also known as Western medicine, allopathic medicine, biomedicine, conventional medicine, and orthodox medicine (National Cancer Institute). Indigenous Definition of Health A holistic term that encompasses physical, social, emotional, cultural, and spiritual welfare for the individual and the community, good health is more than the absence of sickness or illness. Indigenous health practices frequently include a holistic view of wellness that emphasizes a harmonious coexistence of the four dimensions of wellness—physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual (National Collaborating Center for Aboriginal Health, 2013).

6 Part Two Numerous variables influence the outcome of people's health. Environmental factors that affect health outcomes are known as social determinants of health (World Health Organization, 2012). A group of social and economic variables that affect someone's income, education, or employment are referred to as social determinants (Government of Canada, 2020). This essay will address the social determinants of health, the impact of colonialism on Indigenous health, and the western and Indigenous approaches to healing. Social Determinants of Health Model in Contrast to Indigenous Determinants of Health Framework. The primary determinants of Canadians' health are not their use of pharmaceuticals or lifestyle choices but rather the circumstances of their daily existence. The term "social determinants of health" is now used to describe these problems. Social determinants have varied effects on Indigenous people's physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual dimensions of health. These determinants include income and social status, education, employment and working conditions, health services, food insecurity, housing, social inclusion, safety net, identity, and early childhood development. The key tactic for improving Canadians' well-being is adopting governmental policies that foster an atmosphere conducive to healthy living. Several affluent industrialized nations, the majority of which are not as wealthy as Canada, have successfully implemented public initiatives that would raise the bar for the social determinants of health (Mikkonen & Raphael, 2010). The Historical and Ongoing Impact of Colonialism on Indigenous Health and Wellness. Colonization and imposed genocidal practices have collectively split and transformed Indigenous people by seeking to stifle and discard their voices and knowledge. Indigenous

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7 peoples in Canada have historically used healing techniques that are location-based and influenced by the requirements of the local populations. For instance, the Inuit received several remedies for hypothermia and frostbite. Their surrounding environment influences indigenous peoples' knowledge of medicine and medication use. Indigenous wellness and health approaches had to work under colonial frameworks. Late 19th- and early 20th-century changes to the Indian Act made Indigenous healing techniques illegal and ineffective. Indigenous peoples' health suffered greatly due to these restrictions, terrible living circumstances, poverty, racism, land loss, and decreasing access to food supplies. Smallpox and influenza were among the strange diseases brought to North America by European settlers, straining Indigenous medical systems. Colonization in Canada contributed to the circumstances that resulted in disproportionately worse health outcomes for Indigenous peoples. For instance, Indigenous groups have more excellent rates of food insecurity than the general population. The housing conditions of Indigenous people have an additional impact on their health. Compared to Indigenous homes off- reserve, on-reserve homes are three times more likely to require substantial repairs, and non- Indigenous dwellings are six times more probable. Decolonization in policy would show a more all-encompassing method of treating Indigenous communities' health issues. (Burnett, 2020). Differences Between Indigenous and Western Approaches to Healing. Indigenous healing encompasses a wide range of treatment interventions in Canada's several Indigenous cultural belief systems. For thousands of years, Indigenous people have used traditional healing techniques. Indigenous healing relies heavily on the medicine wheel. It conveys how closely life, health, and the values of an individual and their community are intertwined. Several Indigenous peoples have unique teachings and beliefs regarding the medicine wheel. The main subjects of the medicine wheel's education are the four sacred

8 directions of north, east, south, and west. Each embodies a different aspect of how we live. The medicine wheel's circle shape symbolizes the interconnectedness of all things. It represents holistic healing (holism), which embodies the four pillars of whole health. Participating in ceremonies, learning about the tradition, and investigating one's spiritual background are all aspects of spiritual wellness, education, knowledge of the historical and cultural achievements of Indigenous peoples, and taking part in activities that boost self-confidence are all part of maintaining mental health, Maintaining mental health includes receiving an education, being aware of the historical and cultural contributions made by Indigenous peoples, and engaging in activities that increase self-confidence (Hicks, 2002). The mainstream concept of health —a system that uses medicine, biomedicine, conventional medicine, and even orthodox medicine—is used in the Western approach to healing. It is a system where medical doctors and other healthcare workers (including nurses, pharmacists, and therapists) use different medical procedures to treat symptoms and ailments. To fight infectious infections, western medicine was created. This focus on infectious diseases is becoming less crucial due to improvements in the detection and treatment of infectious agents and the increasing burden of complex chronic disorders on modern healthcare systems. Western medicine is thought of as the be-all and end-all, but with the rise of traditional medicine, it's time to be flexible (Thieme-Burdette, 2021). Social Determinants of Health Model that Recognizes Indigenous Worldviews In the western healing model, the government decides on the appropriate form of medical treatment without considering Indigenous peoples' knowledge, beliefs, traditions, or practices. This undermines the sovereignty, self-determination, and self-government of the Indigenous people. Even though indigenous people may have access to western medical care, they will maintain their culture and resist assimilation. For many indigenous people, the almost total

9 disregard for culture as a determinant of health and the lack of access to care that is attentive to their cultural needs are upsetting and alienating. Patients respond better to therapy when it is culturally acceptable, cooperation rises, and involvement in the health system is more likely early in the disease, when treatment may be less complicated and more affordable (George et al., 2019). Education is one of the social determinants of health. Indigenous education, like the Indigenous worldview, is holistic, emphasizing the development of all facets of the individual. This is how it differs from western education, which only emphasizes a person's intellectual growth. Elders play an important role in Indigenous education. Indigenous children are frequently uncomfortable with the instructional teaching methods used in the western system, which places a focus on student achievement and competitiveness. Indigenous children often struggle in a system where educators do not understand the cultural norms of Indigenous children or the distinctions between Indigenous and mainstream society (Kennedy, 2022). Conclusion The social and economic conditions that impact people's health outcomes are known as social determinants of health. These include safety net, employment and working conditions, education, health care, housing, early childhood development, social inclusion, identity, and food security. These factors all impact health outcomes and are caused by oppression and discrimination. Due to colonization and pressure, all these variables hurt the native population's well-being. The government can solve this issue by enacting laws that make discrimination and intimidation illegal; heterophobic acts should be condemned, and allyship should be formed with the Indigenous people to achieve good health and self-confidence. Indigenous people must also overcome their past to have a good and happy life; they must find a balance to take pleasure in mino-pimatisiwin.

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10 References Burnett, K. (2020). The Canadian Encyclopedia: Health of Indigenous Peoples in Canada . Retrieved from https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-people- health Bhattarcharjee, R., & Maltby, A. (2017). The University of Waterloo. What does ‘holism’ mean in Indigenous mental health? Retrieved From https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/cf4a/aa71da206a6f5188e5de2826a96bc50d76fb.pdf Champagne, D. (2018). Indian Country Today . Indigenous Diversity: Each Nation is Different . Retrieved From https://indiancountrytoday.com/archive/indigenous-diversities-each- nation-is-different#:~:text=Indigenous%20nations%20are%20extremely %20diverse,peoples%20were%20diverse%20and%20tribal. Commission on Aboriginal Peoples. (1996). Extending measures of control and assimilation . In Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples. Volume 1: Looking forward, looking back (pp. 179- 199). Ottawa: Canada Communication Group. Reprinted with permission from the Ministry of Supply and Services Canada. Encyclopedia, T. (2020). Genocide and Indigenous Peoples in Canada. In The Canadian Encyclopedia . Retrieved from https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/genocide-and-indigenous-peoples-in- canada George, E., Mackean, T., Baum, F., & Fisher, M. (2019). The Indigenous Policy Journal. Social Determinants of Indigenous Health and Indigenous Rights in Policy: A Scoping Review and Analysis of Problem Representation. (pp. 14-15) DOI: 10.18584/iipj.2019.10.2.4

11 Government of Canada (2020). Social Determinant of Health and Health Inequalities, Retrieved From https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/health-promotion/population- health/what-determines-health.html Henderson, W. (2020). The Canadian Encyclopedia . Indigenous Self-Government in Canada . Retrieved from https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-self- government Hicks, S. (2002). Social Work and Aboriginal People. In Social Work in Canada, The medicine Wheel. (pp. 174) Toronto: Thompson Educational Publishing Inc. Indigenous Corporate Training. (2017). A Brief Definition of Decolonization and Indigenization: Decolonization. Retrieved From https://www.ictinc.ca/blog/a-brief- definition-of-decolonization-and-indigenization Kennedy, M. (2022). Module 3: Indigenous Education in Canada Today . Retrieved From https://d2l.laurentian.ca/d2l/le/content/167833/viewContent/1555570/View Laurentian University. (2022). How to Become an Ally to Indigenous People: How to be an Ally. Retrieved From https://laurentian.ca/indigenous-programs/how-to-be-an-ally Mawhiney, A.M. (2001). First Nation in Canada. From Self-Government to State Control . (4th ed.). In J.C. Turner & F.J. Turner (Eds.), Canadian social welfare (pp. 153-166). Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Mecredi, O. & Turpel, M.E. (1993). In the rapids: Navigating the future a/First Nations (pp. 13- 36). Toronto: Penguin Books. Mikkonen, J., & Raphael, D. (2010c). Social Determinants of Health: The Canadian Facts. Retrieved From https://thecanadianfacts.org/The_Canadian_Facts.pdf

12 National Cancer Institute. Mainstream Medicine. Retrieved From https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/mainstream-medicine National Collaborating Center for Aboriginal Health. (2013). An Overview of Aboriginal Health in Canada: Aboriginal Health in Canada . Retrieved From https://www.ccnsa- nccah.ca/docs/context/FS-OverviewAbororiginalHealth-EN.pdf Neu, D. E., & Therrien, R. (2005). Accounting for genocide: Canada's bureaucratic assault on Aboriginal people . Black Point, N.S.: Fernwood Pub. Thieme-Burdette, M. (2021). Global Auto-Immune Institute. Explained: Holistic Vs. Modern Western Medicine. Retrieved From https://www.autoimmuneinstitute.org/holistic-vs- modern-western-medicine/ Parrott, Z. (2020). The Canadian Encyclopedia: Indian Act . Retrieved from https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/indian-act United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs Indigenous Peoples: Health. Retrieved From https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/mandated- areas1/health.html#:~:text=Indigenous%20peoples%20experience%20disproportionately %20high,such%20as%20malaria%20and%20tuberculosis. World Health Organization (2012). Social Determinant of Health, Retrieved From https://www.who.int/health-topics/social-determinants-of-health#tab=tab_1

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