Team 3 - Culture Presentation TEMPLATE FINAL

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Dec 6, 2023

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Exploring Cultures and Ethnic Groups in America Team Members: Lindsey Sewall and Gwen Broderick Ethnic group: Hispanic/Latino Americans Important information for getting started: ● For EACH section you MUST INCLUDE WHERE you found your information (i.e. URL to the site where you got your information). Remember, you need this for EACH answer! ● You must ALSO PUT YOUR NAME AT THE END of EACH section you completed . This allows your instructor to see which group member completed what portion of the assignment. ● To complete this template LEAVE IN the topic (i.e. Describe your assigned ethnic group and their culture) AND required word count (i.e. minimum 100 words). Type your response UNDER that heading. Section 1: Basic culture information: Describe your assigned ethnic group and their culture. ( minimum 100 words ) - make sure you address AT minimum each of the following: definition of your population, country(s) of origin for your ethnic group, major religion(s) of your ethnic group. Although Hispanic and Latino Americans often have very similar cultural practices, and thus are commonly grouped together, there are some differences between the ethnicities. While the definitions are not rigid, it is generally believed that Hispanic people come from Spanish- speaking countries and Latino people come from anywhere in Latin America. It should be noted that these labels are not mutually exclusive and that many Hispanic people also identify as Latino and vice versa. Countries of origin for Hispanic and Latino Americans include Mexico, Cuba, Spain, Portugal, and Brazil. Perhaps unsurprisingly, Spanish is a very commonly spoken language among Hispanic and Latino Americans. While Hispanic and Latino Americans can follow any religion, many are Christian. Of the Christian denominations, the most common ones for Hispanic and Latino Americans to follow are Catholicism and Protestantism. (word count: 133) Completed by: Gwen Broderick. Information from: https://www.interexchange.org/articles/visit-the-usa/latino-hispanic-culture- in-us/ https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2022/09/15/who-is-hispanic/ Revised 2/22

Discuss the family structure and gender roles of your ethnic group. ( minimum 100 words ) - make sure you address AT minimum each of the following: the roles of males and females in your group, is your ethnic group patriarchal or matriarchal, discuss the role of the elderly AND children. Traditionally, Hispanic and Latino households are led by the father, who is the breadwinner of the family, while the mother is in charge of taking care of the home. This concept of male leadership can be seen in other aspects of Hispanic and Latino American culture as these cultures tend to be patriarchal. Hispanic and Latino families tend to be larger than is typical for American families and often include extended family members such as aunts, uncles, grandparents, and cousins. Hispanic and Latino culture often encourages men to take leadership, display bravery, and engage in other traditionally masculine roles. Women in Hispanic and Latino cultures are often encouraged to be submissive, and domestic. As many Hispanic and Latino cultures consider family to be very important, children are often valued. Children in Hispanic and Latino cultures are often taught to treat their elders with respect; in general, Hispanic and Latino cultures encourage respect for the elderly. (word count: 155) Completed by: Gwen Broderick. Information from: https://ggalanti.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Hispanic-Families-Male- Female-Relationships.pdf https://www.murrieta.k12.ca.us/cms/lib5/CA01000508/Centricity/Domain/1538/Understandin g%20the%20Hispanic%20Culture.pdf Describe the role of animals/pets in your ethnic group. ( minimum 80 words ) – make sure you address AT minimum each of the following: do animals and/or meat hold significance within their religion, how are animals treated - generally OR as pets. Meat consumption generally does not hold much religious significance among Hispanic and Latino Americans. As previously stated, Christianity is the most common religion practiced by Hispanic and Latino people. Meat consumption is generally allowed in Christianity, although some Christians may not eat meat on certain days of Lent. Lent takes place during the 46 days before Easter. There are very few differences between the ways pets are treated by Hispanic and Latino people and non-Hispanic or Latino people. One of the only significant differences is that Hispanic and Latino families are less likely to spay or neuter their pets. Dogs are by far the most common pet owned by Hispanic and Latino families, with over 40% of families owning at least one dog. Cats are the second most common pets, with around 20% of families owning at least one cat. Rates of bird ownership among Hispanic and Latino families are slightly higher than those of non-Hispanic or Latino families, with around 4% of Hispanic or Latino families owning at least one bird. (word count: 172) Completed by: Gwen Broderick. Information from: https://ebusiness.avma.org/Files/ProductDownloads/2019%20ECO- PetDemoUpdateErrataFINAL-20190501.pdf Revised 2/22

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Regina-Schoenfeld- Tacher/publication/41620419_Comparison_of_strength_of_the_human- animal_bond_between_Hispanic_and_non- Hispanic_owners_of_pet_dogs_and_cats/links/00463525dbce73bab8000000/Comparison-of- strength-of-the-human-animal-bond-between-Hispanic-and-non-Hispanic-owners-of-pet-dogs- and-cats.pdf https://www.christianity.org.uk/article/food-and-drink https://40acts.org.uk/about/what-is-lent/ What are their traditions and holidays? ( minimum 100 words ) - make sure you address AT minimum each of the following: what are traditions that they have brought with them, what are their main holidays AND how do they celebrate. Hispanic and Latino Americans who immigrate to the United States often bring traditions and cultures from their country of origin with them. For example, Hispanic and Latino Americans may believe in and practice Curanderismo. Curanderismo is a type of traditional medicine practiced in many parts of Latin America. Curanderismo is administered by a curandero or curandera, who offers holistic treatments for physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual ailments. A holiday that many Hispanic and Latino Americans celebrate is La Semana Santa. La Semana Santa is a week-long celebration common in Spain, Mexico, and many Latin American countries that involves prayer, processions, and other religious activities in preparation for Easter, the day many Christians celebrate as the anniversary of the day Jesus Christ, a Christian religious figure, was resurrected. In the United States, many Hispanic and Latino Americans celebrate La Semana Santa by making cascarones: eggshells filled with confetti that are cracked over another person’s head. (word count: 154) Completed by: Gwen Broderick. Information from: https://ucanr.edu/sites/Spanish/Calendario/Major_Holidays_and_Celebrations_of_Spanish- Speaking_Countries_16/ http://news.unm.edu/news/traditions-deeply-rooted-in-hispanic-culture What are the main social issues that impact your ethnic group? ( minimum 100 words ) - make sure you address AT minimum each of the following: their role within American society, issues that happen to them because of their ethnicity. Hispanic and Latino Americans face a wide variety of social issues in the United States. Many of these issues stem from anti-immigration sentiments as well as racial and ethnic prejudice. Hispanic and Latino Americans are more likely to live in poverty than Caucasian Americans. Additionally, many Hispanic and Latino Americans experience housing and employment discrimination. The Covid-19 pandemic exacerbated many of these issues. Hispanic and Latino Americans are a large part of the farming, fishing, forestry, building and grounds patience, construction, food service, and transportation service industries. While these industries are vital Revised 2/22

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to American society, during the Covid-19 pandemic, these industries, which often require in- person work, were greatly impacted. Many people in these industries lost their jobs or had their hours greatly reduced. Due to how recent these events are, their full impact on Hispanic and Latino Americans has not yet been determined. (word count: 143) Completed by: Gwen Broderick Information from: https://www.americanprogress.org/article/latinos-face-disproportionate-health-economic- impacts-covid-19/ https://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2015/hispanics-and-latinos-in-industries-and-occupations.htm https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/health-equity/hispanic-latino/unfair-and- unjust.html#:~:text=Hispanic%2FLatino%20people%20have%20been,socioeconomic%20status %20than%20white%20people.&text=One%20in%206%20Hispanic%20households,some %20point%20during%20the%20year . Section 2: Perspectives of healthcare within your group: What are their traditional definitions of health and illness and the health and illness beliefs of their culture? ( minimum 100 words ) You are looking for how they define each and the beliefs they hold in regard to health and illness. This can, depending on your assigned culture can include physical and spiritual approaches While the meaning of health varies among members of this cultural group, it is largely defined as the result of good luck or a reward for good behavior. This spiritualistic definition is rooted in the concept of fatalismo or fatalism. Many Hispanics and Latino Americans believe their health is in God’s hands and that consequently, poor health is divine punishment, brought about by previous or current sinful behavior. When an individual in this culture does experience illness, whether physical or mental, it is defined by an imbalance between that person and the environment. Members of this ethnic group believe such imbalances can be expressed through four humors contained in the body: “blood (hot and wet), yellow bile (hot and dry), phlegm (cold and wet), and black bile (cold and dry)” (CDC, 2008). Therefore, treating illnesses is about correcting these imbalances by consuming the substances with opposite qualities. Hispanics and Latino Americans also believe illness can result from mal de ojo or “evil eye” which is an evil, fueled by jealousy, that one person puts on another, causing the victim to fall ill. (word count: 182) Completed by: Lindsey Sewall Information from: https://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/guidestoolkits/ethnographicguides/mexico.pdf https://libraryguides.umassmed.edu/diversity_guide/mexican_american#:~:text=Mexicans %20have%20a%20strong%20belief,remedies%20while%20seeing%20a%20physician . https://www.medschool.lsuhsc.edu/physiology/docs/Belief%20and%20Traditions%20that %20impact%20the%20Latino%20Healthcare.pdf Revised 2/22

What are some of the traditional methods of healing practiced in their culture? ( minimum 100 words ) This can include traditional, alternative and/or folk medicine. If the culture has special “healers” that are used, please include them in your description. When discussing traditional methods of healing practiced in Hispanic and Latino American culture, it is important to note the art of curanderismo . Curanderismo is the art of traditional medicine folk healing that takes a holistic approach. Healers in this traditional healing form are called curandero/as and are perceived to have God-like healing powers. Curanderos use a variety of traditional methods to treat the mind, body, and spirit. These methods range from using healing plants, oils, and smoke to leading therapies focused on music, laughter, and massage. Overall, even if a curandero is not present, natural remedies using herbs are considered the most effective, traditional methods of healing in Hispanic and Latino American culture. Even today, many of these natural, traditional methods are used in conjunction with modern, physician prescribed remedies. (word count: 131) Completed by: Lindsey Sewall Information from: https://libraryguides.umassmed.edu/diversity_guide/mexican_american#:~:text=Mexicans %20have%20a%20strong%20belief,remedies%20while%20seeing%20a%20physician . http://www.ncfh.org/uploads/3/8/6/8/38685499/teaching_curanderismo_- _holistic_medicine_in_a_modern_world.pdf What are current healthcare problems experienced by people in this culture ? ( minimum 100 words ) Different ethnic groups can experience a higher incidence of certain illnesses. What is seen within your group. Members of the Hispanic and Latino American ethnic group experience a higher incidence of certain health issues. The first is obesity. According to Northwestern Medicine, “Hispanic Americans are 1.2 times as likely to be obese than non-Hispanic whites” (2023). Related to obesity, hypertension (high blood pressure) is experienced by many. Regarding chronic conditions, Hispanic and Latino Americans experience high rates of diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and chronic liver disease. In fact, “more than 50% of HIspanics are expected to someday be diagnosed with [type 2 diabetes]” (Northwestern Medicine, 2023). There are high rates of heart disease, cancer, and stroke and such conditions are responsible for many Hispanic and Latino American deaths. (word count: 112) Completed by: Lindsey Sewall Information from: https://www.nm.org/healthbeat/healthy-tips/common-hispanic-health- issues#:~:text=Hypertension%20(high%20blood%20pressure).,failure%20compared%20to %20other%20Americans . Revised 2/22

https://www.scripps.org/news_items/7492-hispanic-health-what-are-top-health- issues#:~:text=Hispanics%20have%20higher%2Dthan%2Daverage,managing%20your%20blood %20sugar%20levels . What are the traditional birthing rituals of their culture? ( minimum 100 words ) - make sure you address AT minimum each of the following: describe what you have learned about birthing and birth, how the pregnant women are treated, are their specific things done during pregnancy, during birth, after birth. The main traditional birthing ritual of Hispanic and Latino American culture is la cuarentena. According to la cuarentena tradition, the first 40 days after the baby is born is a sacred time for “new moms to rest, recover, and focus on breastfeeding while the women in their communities provide housekeeping and other support” (Gonzalez, 2022). This tradition has religious roots as it connects to a passage in the Book of Leviticus that called for a need for “40 days of purification after the birth of a woman’s son” (Gonzalez, 2022). During la cuarentena , new moms engage in a variety of rituals such as accepting support from female family and community members, wearing a postpartum faja , abstaining from sex, and limiting their bathing practices. These rituals serve to help the mother recover and protect the baby. For example, limited bathing is practiced because it is believed cold water or cold air can cause infection, stomach pains, and decreased milk supply. With this, traditional birthing rituals of this culture are rooted in avoiding imbalances. For many Hispanic and Latino Americans, illness is thought to be caused by an imbalance between that person and the environment. Therefore, because pregnancy is considered a “hot condition,” traditionally, measures are taken to prevent a woman from losing heat and becoming too “cold” once she gives birth. Finally, the use of midwives is a traditional birthing ritual in this culture that persists today. Like curanderos (traditional folk healers), midwives use traditional and natural methods to treat the physical and spiritual aspects of a birthing mother. During pregnancy, midwives visit the mother at home for frequent check ups and treat them with natural remedies as needed. When the time arrives for birth, the midwife is present to guide the mother, reminding her that the baby will lead her through the process. One birthing tradition practiced by midwives after birth is saving the placenta. This organ is believed to have spiritual and medicinal value. A midwife may save then prepare the placenta for the family through a drying process. Once dried, the placenta can be ground into a power the family may use for medical purposes. (word count: 357) Completed by: Lindsey Sewall Information from: https://www.babycenter.com/baby/postpartum-health/bringing-back-the-hispanic-tradition-of- cuarentena-after-chi_10346386 https://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/guidestoolkits/ethnographicguides/mexico.pdf https://cronkitenews.azpbs.org/buffett/mexico/mid-wives/ Revised 2/22

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What culture phenomena (biological variations, environmental control, social organization, communication, space, and time orientation) can impact the care provided in this culture? ( minimum 100 words ) – you must address AT LEAST TWO of these areas – definitions are found in your chapter for this lesson. One cultural phenomena that can impact care provided in this culture is social organization. As previously stated, health and illness in the Hispanic and Latino American culture are largely rooted in spiritual and naturalistic beliefs. These beliefs are fostered in the social organization of the culture. Therefore, if a provider prescribes a remedy to a Hispanic or Latino American that contradicts with his or her beliefs, that patient may not accept the care. Many people in this social organization believe illness results from an imbalance between the person and environment and therefore, should be treated with opposite qualities (ex. “dry” conditions should be treated with “wet” remedies). This means a provider could unintentionally prescribe a medicine that the patient views incapable of restoring balance. For example, a fever is considered a “hot” disease, therefore, a patient of this culture would not accept penicillin, a “hot” medicine” to treat it (CDC, 2008). Overall, the social organization of a Hispanic or Latino patient may prevent them receiving certain western medicine treatments. A second cultural phenomena that can impact care provided in this culture is communication. Communication is a major cultural barrier considering “nearly a third of latinos are not fluent in English” (Shiro & Reeves, 2020). This lack of English fluency bars members of this ethnic group from easily accessing healthcare, whether it is signing up for a quality insurance plan or communicating with their provider. This is especially frustrating for non-English speaking Hispanics and Latino Americans as their social norms place value on the importance of relationships. If language barriers prevent them from communicating with their provider, they will not be able to establish strong relationships with them. As a result, non-English speaking patients in this ethnic group may not receive the care they need or even trust the care they receive. (word count: 300) Completed by: Lindsey Sewall Information from: https://www.brookings.edu/articles/latinos-often-lack-access-to-healthcare-and-have-poor- health-outcomes-heres-how-we-can-change-that/ https://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/guidestoolkits/ethnographicguides/mexico.pdf Section 3: Each team member is required to do the following: Identify at least one thing learned from your research above that you believe will impact giving care AND what you as a healthcare professional will need to do to work effectively with this patient. EACH item must focus on a DIFFERENT concept. ● EACH person in your group needs to contribute at least 1 item ( ALL points need to address different concepts ), AND Revised 2/22

● EACH point needs to be a minimum of 75 words. ● Through my research on Hispanic and Latin American culture, I have learned that members of these cultural groups tend to have close-knit family ties. In the healthcare setting, I believe that this may impact the care I give because it may mean that the family members of patients from Hispanic and Latin American communities are more likely to want to be involved in the care and support of their family members. To work efficiently with Hispanic and Latin American patients, I will take patients’ requests to include family in discussions and decisions about their care seriously. (word count: 96) Completed by: Gwen Broderick ● One thing I learned from my above research that I believe will impact giving care relates to eye contact. When reading about the cultural phenomena of communication for Hispanic and Latino Americans, I was surprised to find that maintaining eye contact is not interpreted as a sign of respect, but one of challenge or intimidation. I think this is important to know considering in Western culture, eye contact is a sign of respect - a way to show one is listening and paying attention. When working with future Hispanic or Latino American patients, this communication norm is one I will be sure to keep in mind, as my goal will always be to make them feel safe, not intimidated. (word count: 118) Completed by: Lindsey Sewall Revised 2/22

Team 3 - Culture Presentation TEMPLATE FINAL

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