05_SkullBonesAnth111Kirwin2023

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Human Osteology: Skull Bones Lab. in Human Biological Evolution (Anth 111) Exercises 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4 & Study Questions in Lab Manual for Anth 111 Pierce College & LAVC • A.R. Kirwin, MA • 2023
Overview Questions 1. What is the difference between osteology, osteometry and anthropometry? 2. What are some professions that require osteological knowledge? 3. What are bones made of? How many bones are in a human skeleton? 4. What are the anatomical directions, positions, planes? à Lab manual Ex. 5.1 (p.53-55) & Ex. 5.4 (p. 61-65) 5. What are the parts of the skeleton? à Lab manual Ex. 5.1 (p.53-55) Sp’20 6. What are the parts of the skull? à Lab manual Ex. 5. 2(p.55-56) 7. What are the 28 bones of the skull? à Lab manual Ex. 5.2 (p.55-58) 8. What are the major five (5) major sutures of the skull? à Lab manual Ex. 5.2 (p.56-58) 9. What are the 11 major features of the skull? à Lab manual Ex. 5.2 (p.56-58) 10. What are the nasal and cephalic indices of osteometry of the skull? à Lab manual Ex. 5.3 (p.59-61) and 5.4 (p.61-62)
1. What is the difference between osteology, osteometry and anthropometry? 1. Osteology: The study of the bones of the human skeleton (names, placement, articulation with other bones, pathologies, etc.) 2. Anthropometry: The study of the measurements of the human body. 3. Osteometry: The study of the measurement of human bones.
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2. What are some professions that require osteological knowledge? Q: Why are bones and teeth important to law enforcement? A: Bones and teeth reveal basic demographic characteristics (sex, age, ancestry). • They can help a lot to determine a positive ID of a deceased person. • Bones also can reveal a lot about a person’s occupation, where they lived, diet, healed injuries, and past illnesses. Left: Student excavating a body at the University of Tennessee’s Anthropology Center’s “Body Farm”. Right : Oldest known murder victim is a 430,000 year of skeleton of a Neandertal
2. What are some professions that require osteological knowledge? Forensic Anthropology: The application of standard scientific anthropological techniques to assist in the detection of a crime or ID victims of a disaster. Q: What do Forensic Anthropologists do? A: Figure out the identity and manner of death of a person to solve a crime and/or for next of kin. 1. Age at death 2. Sex 3. Ancestry 4. Pathologies 5. Cause of Death 6. Manner of Death
2. What are some professions that require osteological knowledge? Forensic Anthropology cont. • Education: Undergrad: Double major in anthropology and organic chemistry; anthropology and fine art; Graduate training: Anthropology M.A. plus internship, Anthropology PhD. University of Tennessee Anthropology Center (“Body Farm”) • Career paths: Internships with law enforcement or humanitarian organization investigating sites of mass graves, war crimes, or natural disasters, Work as a professor FT and PT volunteer and/or paid consultant for various law enforcement agencies, medical examiner, etc.
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2. What are some professions that require osteological knowledge? Bioarchaeology: The scientific study of human biological remains (such as bones) from archaeological sites . • Q: What do bioarchaeologists do? • A: Figure out a past persons’ identity, what their life was like, and their cause of death. à Human remains older than 50 years unless a crime is suspected (then about 100 years).
2. What are some professions that require osteological knowledge? Bioarchaeology cont. • Education: Undergrad: Anthropology; Graduate training: Anthropology M.A., Archaeology field school, GIS certification (GPS mapping-advised), Archaeology internship as field tech, Optional: RPA (Registered Public Archaeologist) or PhD. • Career paths: Work as a professor PT or FT, and volunteer and/or paid consultant for research excavations or various public archaeology firms.
3. What are bones made of? How many bones are in a human skeleton? What are the parts of the skeleton? What are bones made of? Bones: Mostly mineral matrix called hydroxyapatite and collagen .
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3. What are bones made of? How many bones are in a human skeleton? What are the parts of the skeleton? Fossil: Old bones in which their organic elements have decayed and have been replaced by sediment. • Fossils also can be made out other organic matter like shells and impressions of things like leaves and feathers. • It takes about 10,000 years and an environment that is relatively arid or anoxic (oxygen-free) and sedimentary to transform a bone into a fossil. Fossilized skull of “Mrs. Ples.” It is from a 2.5 million-year- old Australopithecus africanus. Her skull was discovered in the Sterkfontain Caves near Johannesburg, South Africa in 1947.
3. What are bones made of? How many bones are in a human skeleton? What are the parts of the skeleton? Cartilage : A strong, flexible connective tissue that is found in various parts of the body, including the joints, the outer ear, and the larynx. You can tell a young person’s age at death by noting the rate of cartilage ossification • An infant is born with about 300+ bones connected by cartilage. • After birth, these sections of bones fuse together at a predictable rate into single bones as the child ages into an adult.
3. What are bones made of? How many bones are in a human skeleton? Bone grows during adulthood and when repairing injuries Bone growth responds to: • workload • diet (nutrients and calories): o Osteoblasts: Bone cells that produce bone material and also aid in healing fractures. o Osteoclasts: Bone cells that reabsorb bone material and aid in healing fractures.
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3. What are bones made of? How many bones are in a human skeleton? Bone growth during adulthood à Growth responds to workload and diet (nutrients and calories): 1. Bone mass decreases: Reduced workload, malnutrition, insufficient calories, remodeling of fractured bone material, or insufficient UV light. o Osteoclastic: reduction/remodeling of bone material 2. Bone mass increases : Increased workload, repairing a bone injury, good nutrition and sufficient calories. o Osteoblastic: Production of bone material
3. What are bones made of? How many bones are in a human skeleton? Bone growth during adulthood (cont.) Wolf’s Law: The principle that bone is placed in the direction of functional demand, that is, bone develops where needed and recedes where it is not needed. • More workload, more bone mass, stronger bones. When it comes to bone mass: “Move it or lose it!”
3. What are bones made of? How many bones are in a skeleton? What are the parts of the skeleton? Anatomical position of the human skeleton o Anterior view o The hands are positioned with the palms facing forward with the thumbs pointing away from the body.
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3. What are bones made of? How many bones are in a skeleton? What are the parts of the skeleton? How many bones are in a skeleton? • Adults: 206 bones • Newborn infants: 300 bones. Newborns: Have about 300 bones: o The newborn’s bones are in pieces separated by cartilage. o As they get older the cartilage ossifies (turns to bone material) and the bones fuse together. o Cranial bones fuse at sutures Lab manual Ex. 5.1 (p.53-55)
4. What are parts of the skeleton? What are parts of the skeleton? Lab manual Ex. 5.1 (p.53-55) 1. Cranial bones : Skull, mandible and ossicles (ear bones) à Lab Manual Ex. 5 (Cranial) & Ex. 6 (Dentition) 2. Postcranial bones: All the bones below the skull à Lab manual Ex. 7 (Postcranial bones)
4. What are parts of the skeleton? Parts of the Skeleton (cont.) 3. Axial Skeleton : The 80 bones of skull and torso (no limb bones) The axial bones are divided into six types: 1. Skull bones 2. Ossicles of the middle ear 3. Hyoid bone 4. Rib cage 5. Sternum 6. Vertebrae, sacrum, cocyx
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4. What are parts of the skeleton? 1. Some parts of the body are made of multiple bones. o Skull is made up of 28 bones. o Each wrist is composed of eight separate bones. 2. Pairs of bones are either “Left” or “Right” à If there are more than a pair of bones (that come in pairs), then there is more than one individual.
5. What are the anatomical positions, directions and planes? Anatomical Position Anatomical Position: Standing, or lying on the back, with arms straight along the side, face forward, and palms facing foreword with thumbs pointing away from the body . Bones are referenced by what is known as the “anatomical position.” • When human bones are discovered, they are cleaned and laid out in the anatomical position. o To determine the number of individuals found o To help identity the deceased (age, sex, stature (height) Lab manual Ex. 5.1 (p.53-55)
5. What are the anatomical positions, directions and planes? Terms of Anatomical Direction: Lab manual Ex. 5.1 (p.53-55) 1. Superior: From the body’s mid-section and up. o Above something or top 2. Inferior: Below mid-section. o Below something 3. Medial: Midline position, toward the midline. o Middle of something 4. Lateral: Side, away from the center. o Lateral or side of something
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5. What are the anatomical positions, directions and planes? Terms of Anatomical Direction (cont.) Lab manual Ex. 5.1 (p.53-55) 5. Anterior: Front o Ventral: Front/stomach (dealing with quadrupeds) 6. Posterior : Back o Dorsal: Back of a quadruped of fish; fin on a shark, dorsa flex your foot.
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5. What are the anatomical positions, directions and planes? Terms of Anatomical Direction (cont.) Lab manual Ex. 5.1 (p.53-55) 7. Proximal: Long bones have a proximal end (closer the trunk/midline) and a distal end (further away) o Proximity or “Close” toward the heart o Used usually when describing sides of long bones 8. Distal: Farthest end away from the trunk/midline of the body. o Distant or “Far” from the heart o Used usually when describing sides of long bones
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5. What are the anatomical positions, directions and planes? Terms of Anatomical Direction (cont.) Lab manual Ex. 5.1 (p.53-55) Anterior Lateral Posterior Superior Inferior
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5. What are the anatomical positions, directions and planes? Terms of Anatomical Planes Lab manual Ex. 5.1 (p.53-55) 1. Frankfort plane: Skull is orientated so that the i nferior margins of the eye orbits and the superior margin of the external acoustic meatus (ear hole) are horizontal. The position of the skull in life.
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5. What are the anatomical positions, directions and planes? Terms of Anatomical Planes (cont.) Lab manual Ex. 5.1 (p.53-55) 2. Sagittal Plane: Divides the body into left and right halves o Named for the centaur Sagittarius shooting an arrow into the midline of a body dividing it in half. 3. Coronal Plane: It’s 90 degrees from sagittal plane, dividing the body front and back. o Named for Latin word for “crown” corona.
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6. What are the parts of the skull? Sections of the skull Skull: The skull is made up of 28 bones plus 32 teeth. Lab manual Ex. 5.2 (p.55-58) Skull sections: 1) Cranium: The skull minus the mandible. 2) Neurocranium: The braincase. (gray) 3) Mandible: The lower jaw. 4) Splanchnocranium: The bone structure of the face surrounding the eyes, nose, and upper jaw . (pink) [
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6. What are the parts of the skull? Q: What are the eight bones of the neurocranium? A: There are four single bones plus two paired bones: 1) Ethmoid 2) Sphenoid 3) Frontal 4) Occipital 5) Parietal (Left & Right) 6) Temporal (Left & Right)
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7. What are the 28 bones of the skull? Skull Bones: Single bones (6) Lab manual Ex. 5.2 (p.55-58) 1. Frontal bone: Forehead bone; The frontal bone is divided by a medial metopic suture into left and right sides ages up 1- 3 years. (blue) 2. Ethmoid: medial area of eye orbits) (green)
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7. What are the 28 bones of the skull? Skull Bones: Single bones (6) Lab manual Ex. 5.2 (p.55-58) 3. Sphenoid: The single butterfly-shaped bone. The ends of the “wings” of this bone appear between frontal and temporal bones in lateral view of the skull, just posterior to the eye orbits) (yellow).
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Q: Which bones articulate with the sphenoid bone? A: They consist of the…. 1. Frontal bone 2. Ethmoid 3. Occipital bone 4. Temporal bones (left and right) 5. Parietal bones (left and right) 6. zygomatic bones (left and right)
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7. What are the 28 bones of the skull? Skull Bones: Single bones (cont.) (6) Lab manual Ex. 5.2 (p.55-58) 4. Mandible: Bone that holds the lower teeth; aka: jaw bone. (red) 5. Occipital bone: Bone on the posterior and inferior sides of the cranium. (brown)
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7. What are the major cranial bones and sutures? Occipital bone (cont.) Posterior View of the Occipital Bone o It articulates (joins) with both parietal bones via the lambdoid suture.
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7. What are the 28 bones of the skull? Skull Bones: Single bones (cont.) (6) Lab manual Ex. 5.2 (p.55-58) 6. Vomer: It is located in medial of nasal cavity part of the septum. (blue)
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7. What are the 28 bones of the skull? Skull Bones: Paired bones (L & R) (8) Lab manual Ex. 5.2 (p.55-58) 1. Parietal bones: Superior side of cranium (green); posterior of the frontal bone. They come together at the medial sagittal suture (top of the cranium). (green) 2. Temporal bones: Inferior to parietal bones. (red) 3. Zygomatic bones: Cheek bones; aka: Malar bones (orange) 4. Maxilla bones: Bones that hold the upper teeth (purple)
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7. What are the 28 bones of the skull? Skull Bones: Paired bones (L & R) cont. (8) Lab manual Ex. 5.2 (p.55- 58 ) 5. Palatines: Roof of mouth (not visible here) 6. Nasal bones: Bones of bridge of the nose (pink) 7. Lacrimal bones: Tiny bones on medial sides of each eye orbit with tear ducts (lacrimal fluid) (turquoise) 8. Inferior nasal concha bones: Tiny bones behind nostrils. (dayglow green)
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7. What are the 28 bones of the skull? REVIEW: Splanchnocranium (Facial Bones)
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7. What are the 28 bones of the skull? REVIEW: Skull Bones: Lateral View
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8. What are the five (5) major sutures? Cranial Sutures: Bones of the skull are held together by tightly woven joints called “sutures”. There are five main sutures: 1. Metopic suture 2. Coronal suture 3. Sagittal suture 4. Squamous suture (not visible) 5. Lambdoidal suture (not visible)
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8. What are the five (5) major sutures? Cranial Sutures (cont.) 1. Metopic suture: It divides the frontal bone medially and closes between ages 1-3 years. It is the last suture to close. o The degree of suture closure is used to determine general age of a young child. • Fontanels : Open sutures in newborns and infants o Anterior fontanel: Largest fontanel o Six fontanelles (open sutures) in total.
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8. What are the five (5) major sutures? Main adult cranial sutures (4) 2. Coronal Suture: It articulates the frontal bone with the L & R Parietal bones. o Divides the body into the coronal plane of front and back sides o Like “crown” of Statue of Liberty. Nothing at all like the novel coronavirus… 3. Sagittal suture: It is along the midline of superior (top) of skull. o It divides the body by the sagittal plane into L & R sides.
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8. What are the five (5) major sutures? Main adult cranial sutures (4) (cont.) 4. Squamous sutures: Sutures between the parietal and the temporal bones. o Squirrel-shaped outline minus the bushy tail. 5. Lambdoidal Suture: Between parietals and occipital bones. o From “lambda” Greek letter that looks like an upside-down “V”. It’s important for age estimation
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9. What are the major features of the skull? Major features of the skull: 1. Temporal line 2. Supraorbital torus 3. Zygomatic arch 4. Mastoid process 5. Styloid process 6. Ramus of the mandible 7. Body of the mandible 8. Mental eminence 9. Mental foramen 10. External auditory meatus 11. Occipital condyle 12. Foramen magnum mandible
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9. What are the the major features of the skull? Skull Bones: Features of the skull Lab manual Ex. 5.2 (p.55-58) 1. Temporal line: Depression above ears on temporal bones. 2. Supraorbital torus Brow ridge (important for sex determination). à Think of Ancient Greek word Torus and the bull sign in astrology.
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9. What are the the major features of the skull? Skull Bones: Features of the skull Lab manual Ex. 5.2 (p.55-58) 3. Zygomatic arch: Cheek bone that creates an arch from the zygomatic to the temporal bone (L & R). Aka: “Malar bone”.
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9. What are the the major features of the skull? Skull Bones: Features of the skull (12) Lab manual Ex. 5.2 (p.55-58) 4. Mastoid process: Bump on temporal bone like looks like a breast. o “Mast” is the Greek word for “breast” as in “ mastectomy”. 5. Styloid process: Thin protrusion on the temporal bone that looks like a pen. o From French word for ”pen” as in le stylo.
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9. What are the the major features of the skull? Skull Bones: Features of the skull (12) Lab manual Ex. 5.2 (p.55-58) 6. Ramus of mandible: L-shaped bracket/vertical bone that attaches lower jaw to temporal bones. 7. Body of mandible: Horizontal bone that holds bottom teeth to lower jaw 8. Mental eminence: Chin on the mandible (red) 9. Mental foramen: Tiny holes on either side of the medial of mandible. Foramen=“hole” 10. External auditory meatus: Ear hole in each temporal bone.
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9. What are the the major features of the skull? Skull Bones: Features of the skull (12) Lab manual Ex. 5.2 (p.55-58) 11. Foramen magnum: Large hole at the base of the skull where the vertebral column articulates with the skull. • Foramen = “hole” • Magnum = “great” 12. Occipital condyles: Protuberances on either side of the foramen magnum.
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Major Cranial Features Review 1. Foramen magnum: Large hole at base of the skull that joins with the vertebral column. (Latin for “hole + great”) 2. External auditory meatus: Ear canals in the left and right temporal bones. (L & R) 3. Mastoid Process : Lower protuberance of the temporal bones; bump, larger on males (Greek for “breast”) (L&R) 4. Styloid process : Protuberance below the mastoid process in temporal bones. (Greek for “pillar”) (L & R) CHIN FEATURES: 5. Mental Foramen: Tiny holes on left and right of mandible’s mental eminence. 6. Mental eminence (mental protuberance): Chin. o Latin word mentum means “chin”.
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10. What are the nasal and cephalic indices of osteometry of the skull? Osteometry of the Skull Lab manual Ex. 5.3 (p.59-61) and 5.4 (p.61-62) • Osteometry: The measurement of human bones. • Index: A number that describes the ratio of two measurements; it is a quantification of a shape (as in the shape of the head) ≈ “shape”
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10. What are the nasal and cephalic indices of osteometry of the skull? Three Cranial indices: 1. Cranial (cephalic) index : (cranium width/cranium length) x100 = 2. Nasal index: (nasal width/nasal length) x100 = 3. Orbital index: Not used in this class. (eye orbit height / eye orbit breadth) x100 = Cranial Landmarks used to measure each: 1. Cranial index [use spreading caliper] o Head width à Measure Euryon (eu) to euryon (eu) o Head length à Measure Glabella (g) to opisthocranion (op) 2. Nasal index [use sliding caliper] o Nasal height à Nasion (n) to Nasopinale (ns) o Nasal width à Alare (al) to alare (al)
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10. What are the nasal and cephalic indices of osteometry of the skull? Anatomical landmarks of cranium: 1. Glabella (g) : The most anterior portion of your skull on forehead 2. Opisthocranion (op) : Most posterior portion of your skull (back of head) occipital bone 3. Euryon (e) : Widest sides of head on parietal bone (2) 4. Nasion (n) : Superior of nasal area medial to eye orbits 5. Nasopinale (ns): Inferior of nasal area, medial to cheeks
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