Cross-Cultural Discussion questions

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Anthropology

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Oct 30, 2023

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Cross- Cultural discussion Article 2: Is the failure of historians to learn the Hawaiian language the result of ignorance or ethnocentric bias? Please explain your answer. I believe that the failure of historians to learn the Hawaiian language is a result of ethnocentric bias. The reason for this is because they alienated the Hawaiians from the land taking up space for their own. It was mentioned that the common people, driven by their own right, were given less than one percent of land. These individuals were starving whereas, the huge white- owned sugar plantation did significantly well. Historians have ignored any suggestions and are not interested in sharing land. Hawaiians develop reciprocated , familial relationships with others around them and the land they are surrounded by. Hawaiians see connections as essential towards their physical, emotional and spiritual well-being. Based on Hawaiian language, they show possession in two distinct ways like: “a” possession referring to achieved status and “o” possessive indicates inherent status. The historians perceived the ways of the Hawaiians as immature and underdeveloped. Hawaiians did not see the land as exclusive or assignable. They perceived it as something that is shared among individuals. Article 37: What is “pan-Indianism”? How has this hurt or helped American Indians? The meaning of pan-Indianism refers to the formation of a new identity or ethnic group. Many of the pan-Indian organizations have had success in making the existence of American Indians familiar to the larger communities in addition to meeting the needs of their people. One way this has hurt the American Indians was once they were removed, it took more than half- century affecting almost every tribe east of the Mississippi River. In being removed, they faced hardships and in a few cases it reached legendary proportions. It also caused the creeks to suffer significantly as their society went through extreme decomposition. The contractors didn’t want to do anything for them causing about half of the Creek nation not to survive the migration and the difficult early years in the West. The reformers encouraged the federal government towards adopting measures that would ease American Indians into extinction. Their response was to develop boarding schools and the allotment acts which were intent to civilize and assimilate American Indians into American society by Christianizing them, teaching them, presenting them to private property and pushing them to be farmers. Within the American Indians boarding schools, they wanted to achieve this by brainwashing Indian children with the belief that their tribal culture was

an inferior artifact of the past and that Euro-American culture was superior and desirable. These children were not allowed to wear their native attire, eat their native foods, speak their native language, or to practice the religion they follow. But rather, they were issued Euro-American apparel, expected to learn the English language and become Christians. If these regulations were not followed, they were be punished by school administration. American Indians faced various challenges like finding employment, economic deprivation, and violence. These difficulties are usually overcome with the assistance from other members of the urban Indian community. The greatest strength of American Indians is their motivation in finding creative ways for dealing with misfortune no matter if in the cities or reservations. The American Indians are very resilient in lifelong quality that will ensure they remain part of the ethnic mosaic of American society in the future to come. Article 38: Why have Whites begun to reclaim their ethnic heritage? In your opinion, how will this affect racial/ethnic relations? Whites has begun to reclaim their ethnic heritage because they feel vulnerable and they are seeing that new immigrants are direct competitors for their jobs. The increased visibility of other racial groups has made Whites much more self-conscious than before towards their racial identification. The new immigrants bring a language and an ethnic culture vividly expressed wherever they gather. Whites can relate with pride the tribulations and superiority of their ancestors and insist that others take their place in the line from which they have only recently come. The Whites believe that reclaiming their ethnicity alone is not enough because as they remain in their sperate and distinct groups, there power will be limited. I believe this would affect racial/ethnic relations by increasing tensions between different racial and ethnic groups. Whites as may feel that they are privileged, better than others, and given much more leeway. I believe that increased diversity provides us with exposure and an opportunity to experience other traditions and cultures, foster creativity and get to know individuals from different backgrounds. Article 48: Why is positive group identification important for self-esteem and belonging? Why does a lack of representation interfere with the psychological benefits of group identity?

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