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University of Guelph *

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1000

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Anthropology

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Oct 30, 2023

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Important Information Classics Timeline Paleolithic (20 000-8300BC) Middle Paleolithic- humans live in Greece Mesolithic (8300-6000BC) Neolithic (6000-3000BC) Domestication of plants and animals Minoans are Neolithic farmers from Anatolia first settled in 7000BC Chalcolithic (3800-3000BC) Copper-stone using Bronze Age (3000-1100BC) Early and Middle Bronze Age (300- 1600 BC) Pre-Palatial Period (2500-1900BC) ex. Lerna House of Tiles Old Palatial Period (1900-1700 BC) End of Middle Bronze age the Indo Europeans migrate to Greece Late Bronze Age (1600-1200 BC) New Palace Period (1700-1450 BC) 1450 BC- end of Minoan Civilization Mycenaean Period Dark Age/Iron Age (1100-800BC) Loss of the ability to write Protogeometric pottery Geometric pottery Archaic Age (700-480 BC) No historical records found

Information is from Herodotus and Thucydides who lived later Age of Tyrants (670-500BC) Sparta vs Athens Classical Period (480-323 BC) Begins with unsuccessful Persian invasion of Greece and ends with the death of Alexander the Great Hellenistic Age (323-30BC) The last descendant of Alexander the Great (Cleopatra dies) Second Class- Minoans Knossos: ruled by Minos It was a thalassocracy aka sea empire Minos forced other cities to send ships and other things to him Knossos was mineral poor and wanted a sea empire to gather supplies like tin and copper for weapons May have been an invented concept to justify an Athenian sea empire in the fifth century Knossos is located in Crete It’s the largest city and other places around mimic knossos but just smaller scale Knossos: Mythology Minotaur Minos wife has sex with bull making minotaur Fed with 14 virgins in labyrinth (maze that cannot be escaped) 2000-1700BCE Some Cities on Crete destroyed by natural disasters New Palace Period - 1650-1450 BCE

Palace is the hub around where everyone lives their life Responsible for Law, Crops and food handouts Has jewels and precious metals in palace Employs all craftsmen Stores food and hands it out Writing was used for administrative details No poetry but more keeping track of things Cyrus II tried to put Croesus to death Cyrus puts Croesus on pyre Croesus yells Solon three times Solon is a famous law maker Cyrus wonders why he yelled Solon Croesus tells of Solon visit to Persia Solon tells Croesus that a man can only be called happy after he dies as wealth is a fickle thing Cyrus dies in battle 530 BCE His son Darius took over rule from 522-486 BCE Darius Political ambitions become more vigorous He set up Satrapies Those are cities governed by Royal appointees and paid heavy tribute to Darius The King has supreme political power and absolute authority He sent out spies known as the eyes and ears of the king to watch for potential revolutions Despite this a revolution was still launched known as the Persian wars that eventually draw Greek into conflict Revolt started in 499-494/93 BCE The first event was the Ionian revolt -Exam question Herodotus is history of one individual Persian rule was oppressive, taxes were high Athenians and Eretrians burn Sardis in 498 BCE Revolt lasts 5 years Athenians basically sail over, pillage and are eventually defeated Darius punishes the rebels He is still mad at the Athenians Persian retaliation involves sending envoys to Athens and Sparta even though Sparta

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had no involvement in revolt Envoys are messengers that said Darius wanted earth and water as a token of submission The envoys are killed Darius sends troops over agean to attack He lost first fleet to sea but the second makes it Persians came to Athens and Athenians received no help from Sparta Athenians and Patiens who decided to help are way outnumbered by Persians 25,000 Persians vs 9,600 Greeks 6400 Persians dies, and 192 Greeks died (not accurate) When Athenians win battle of Marathon they send Pheidippides who runs 26 miles to Athens where after proclaiming they won the war against the Persians he collapses and dies The importance of Marathon is that the small good side wins against large bad side. One of the earliest battles won by strategy over raw numbers Archeologists dug at marathon and found bodies of Greeks, cremated remains and Persian arrow heads Durians dies in 486 Persian empire taken over by Xerxes who is assumed to be his son Second invasion takes place Agina says they will not help Athens and says they will welcome Persians Athens is not happy with agina Man, in Athens names Themistocles who says Athens needs a fleet of ships and fortify the Piraeus and build a long wall Athens discovers silver mines which is used to fund Themistocles suggestions His ideas were opposed by Alcmaeonid family who claimed they needed more infantry men, better armour etc. Xerxes bridges Hellespont by putting ships together to make 2-mile-long bridge of ships 200,000 men and 700 ships Greek's military responds with Sparta aka the Hellenic league with most other poleis Greeks decided to try and stop Persians at Thermopylae This was the entrance between northern and central Greece Sparta's king Leonidas makes a brilliant stand with 300 Spartans and 1100 allies against Persians He only took men with sons because it was suicide mission He dismissed the allies the night before A Greek betrays the Greek army and tells Persians of a goat path to go around Thermopylae After Thermopylae, Persians head to sack Athens, but Athenians had already left to take refuge The Persians have a naval battle off the coast of salamis in sept 480 BC An informant tells Persians that Athenians plan to leave at night making Persians sail around all night while Athenians slept and were ready for battle Athenians use ramming technique which results in Athenian victory

Xerxes watched from a far unlike Greek generals Xerxes and most of army leave He beheads sea captains Mardonius overwinters "takes a break in the winter from war" in Thessaly Mardonius goes to Athens and Sparta won’t send troops for two weeks and Athens was sacked by then Persians don’t have heavy armour or long spears that the hoplite have Mardonius fell at Plataea and the army panics and retreats Persian army consists of horsemen and bowmen Greeks consider bowmen to be cowardly Persians have wicker shield felt cap and tunic and trousers Bows and arrows, short spears, daggers Why did Greeks prevail? Because of better weapons, training and physical prowess Greek generals were very strategic ex: Themistocles Patriotism and defending homeland If Persia wins, Greek will become part of Persian empire A love of freedom the Greeks have