4 Phylogeny

R iz ™\ INTRODUCTION Section Lab 4: Phylogeny ANTH 1001 Name RlEA M ‘ 1 Lab 4, you are a researcher on the continent of Khorvaire, a land populated by humans, elves, giants, and dragons. Historically, the species of dragons have been separated into two separate genera based on personal@ly and color traits: ger{us Chromaticus, which are mean and temperamental, and genus Metallicus, which are wise and peaceful However, as a researcher you want to separate those species according to their shared, derived traits and place them in a cladogram that better reflects evolutionary relationships. Based on your observations, you hypothesize that the "true dragons of Khorvaire" are not two distinct lineages and should instead be grouped into one single genus, which you have named Dragonus, composed of multiple species. Figure 1. Traditional cladogram depicting Chromatic and Metallic dragon relationships Chromaticus Metallicus (Chromatic Dragons) (Metallic Dragons) [ L Yol ) \rJ\ Red ‘, Green H Blue J]Obsndxarfl l Brass HVCopper] Bronze Silver Gold Wyvern Figure 2. Species of dragons from the 2 original genera [Chromatic dragons of genus Chromaticus (left), Metallic dragons of genus Metallicus (right)]. ‘ ’,’ 4 \} “Metallic Dragons” S g ' |2, L e i e “Chromatic Dragons™ Brass Dragon T b Gold Dragon L. S . Copper Dragon y L T a 4 4 x R Bronze Dragon Silver Dragon 27

o -d HOOPHLI All dragons share ancestral traits: they have bodies that are bilaterally symmetrical, with two eyes, and tails. Because all dragon species share these traits, they are not useful traits for classification within the genus. Instead, cladistic classification focuses on traits that are shared and derived. In this diverse genus, one species lacks all these derived traits, and can thus be considered the outgroup for the rest of the clade: The Wyvern. Although related to our dragons’ the Wyvem, which is not considered a "true dragon” and so, will not be part of the genus Dragonus. Figure 3. Outgroup species Wyvern. Here is a list of all the traits you will observe among the dragon species: Table 1: List of traits | Name of the trait Description 7 | Cheek frills Frills on each side of the head | Cheek spikes Three long red spikes on each side of the head ] | Chin frills Long frills that come down their snout | | Homs on head Two homs at the top of their head o U.ower wing spikes Spikes on the lower part of each wing. They are small and black. _ 7 b s Frill on the neck, can sometimes be observed in-between the check frills. / eck frill : ) The neck frills can be tricky to observe. { Nose homs Hom on the snout | Tail fall Frill at the end of the tail | Tail spikes Two spikes on the end of the tail | Upper wing spikes Three very small spikes at the end of each wing \X\’ings Exercise 1: Build vour prediction For this exercise, you will be formulating a prediction for a given hypothesis. The first step in any scientific inquiry is to identify a research question. The research question that you are interested in is: “What is the phylogenetic tree of the “true dragons of Khorvaire” based on shared, derived traits?" The hypothesis you will test is: The "true dragons of Khorvaire" (metallic and chromatic dragons) should be grouped into one single genus, Dragonus, composed of multiple species. You will test this hypothesis with the following methods: (1) recording the dragon’s traits in Tables 2 and 3 and (2) building cladograms using these traits. Predictions: What do you predict (or expect) to observe considering the above hypothesis and the methods available to you? Fill in the sentence below. /2 pt ’ ; e Hut dagens all ir‘ N Assuming that Nt Vi - Az one CDInC:\C ifltesthy _ONLLSY@) O e (ONes ¥rats ) Y [3 then the outcome must be: \"\L/C i) MeSho v

3 Construct your Cladogram: Now construct your cladogram. Use the following l it I instructions to get started: i Determine the likely order in which traits appeared in your group’s lineage. Feel free to move t, . images of the dragons around on the cladogram outline at your table. ‘ i, 1dentify the outgroup in this clade: the individual that possesses only ancestral traifs, and none of the derived traits. Put this creature’s name at the upper left of your cladogram. (In practice, it doesn’t matter at all where you place the outgroup, s long s the branches and nodes are placed correctly, but for the purposes of this class, it will be easiest if everyone puts their outgroup in the upper left.) il Determine the likely sequence of evolutionary events. Group together species that share one, two, three or more traits, and determine when these traits were lost. On a blank sheet of paper, draw a cladogram describing the evolutionary relationships among your group of creatures. For each of the five identifying traits, indicate when they first evolved. After you have finished drawing your cladogram, ask your TA to confirm that both figures are properly put together. 0o L. Constn instruct: ail b I th do cor

Exercise 3: Adding the Chromatic Dragon phylogen i ts In table 3, first copy the traits you already observed in Metallic dragons from table 2 :nd (::r:nh;:et::; trrgiv 7 %Qohsef\'ed only in Chromatic dragons in the left column. Enter the names of the Chromatic drag h of the Chromatic dragons. _-omplete the table, noting the presence and absence of traits in eac = Table 3. Traits visible in Metallic and Chromatic Dragons A \0e | e | NES OV M | SIS Creature name: oL pan | 0 1 \ v B e ol (3 L Traits also observed in Metallic dragons Q \ ClOoI—IS ICIC| QOO —| - i 5 A ",5 NoeS e . norn \ O O B T st O] - & \ > ¥ = Zs N { iz heek 50ike G & » £ = YA o8 s _E Lowiey WG { 4 @ \ \ :C 2 ‘c ) \ \ z Nteke Yil) 1. Construct_vour Cladogram: Now construct your cladogram. Use the following /2pt instructions to get started: o a. Determine the likely order in which traits appeared in your group’s lineage. b. Identify the outgroup in this clade: the individual that possesses only ancestral traits, and none of the derived traits. Put this creature’s name at the upper left of your cladogram. (In practice, it doesn’t matter at all where you place the outgroup, as long as the branches and nodes are placed correctly, but for the purposes of this class, it will be easiest if everyone puts their outgroup in the upper left.) ¢. Determine the likely sequence of evolutionary events. Group together species that share one, two, Lo 53 three or more traits, and determine when these traits were lost. 31

On a blank sheet of paper, draw a cladogram describing the evolutionary relationships among [ your group of creatur After you have finished drawing your cladogram, ask your TA to confirm that both figures are proper . @ put together. es. For each of the five identifying traits, indicate when hey first evolved. / / . ,,-': ¥ After consulting your TA to verify your cladograms, take notes on whether your cladograms were correct? How many mistakes did you make, if any? If you made any mistakes, what led to your mistakes? \ L vz /74 O Quf_Clodorytams viete (orieet) bub We mnde x puotite Wbn the ek Lril)l ang Cheek Yl Me LYoung H 3 A +F Waxd Were VY Sim,jarn a DISCUSSION (TO BE COMPLETED ONLINE) w Exercises 2 and 3: Discussion g, 1. Which types of traits (ancestral, unique derived, or shared derived) were most useful in /2pt fi"' determining evolutionary relationships between dragons (i.e., when building your S cladograms)? Why were these traits useful? 5. Dragor single r Rhinoce, single no horn wer organisms descendant 2. Comparing your phylogeny to the original phylogeny in Figure 1. What do you observe? What are the major differences?