(a) Interpretation: The IUPAC name for the given compound is to be determined. Concept introduction: In case of molecules containing a C=C or C ≡ C bond, the longest continuous carbon chain or largest ring that contains the double or triple bond is considered as the root. It is possible that the longest carbon chain has more carbons than specified by the root. But the double or triple bond must be a part of the root. The root is named from the name of the analogous alkane or cycloalkane by replacing the suffix ane by ene if a double bond is present. The suffix ane is replaced by yne if a triple bond is present. If the root is a chain, the numbering begins from that end of the chain, which encounters the C=C or C ≡ C at the earliest. If there is a tie, then the chain is numbered such that the substituents get the lowest locator numbers. The carbon atoms having a double or triple bond between them are always assigned C1 and C2, if the root is a ring. This must be done such that the locator numbers for the substituents are minimized. The lower of the two locator numbers for the C=C or C ≡ C is written before the ene or yne suffix. Prefixes and locator numbers are used for the substituents attached.

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Question

Chapter B, Problem B.4P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The IUPAC name for the given compound is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

In case of molecules containing a C=C or C≡C bond, the longest continuous carbon chain or largest ring that contains the double or triple bond is considered as the root. It is possible that the longest carbon chain has more carbons than specified by the root. But the double or triple bond must be a part of the root. The root is named from the name of the analogous alkane or cycloalkane by replacing the suffix ane by ene if a double bond is present. The suffix ane is replaced by yne if a triple bond is present.

If the root is a chain, the numbering begins from that end of the chain, which encounters the C=C or C≡C at the earliest. If there is a tie, then the chain is numbered such that the substituents get the lowest locator numbers.

The carbon atoms having a double or triple bond between them are always assigned C1 and C2, if the root is a ring. This must be done such that the locator numbers for the substituents are minimized. The lower of the two locator numbers for the C=C or C≡C is written before the ene or yne suffix. Prefixes and locator numbers are used for the substituents attached.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The IUPAC name for the given compound is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

In case of molecules containing a C=C or C≡C bond, the longest continuous carbon chain or largest ring that contains the double or triple bond is considered as the root. It is possible that the longest carbon chain has more carbons than specified by the root. But the double or triple bond must be a part of the root. The root is named from the name of the analogous alkane or cycloalkane by replacing the suffix ane by ene if a double bond is present. The suffix ane is replaced by yne if a triple bond is present.

If the root is a chain, the numbering begins from that end of the chain, which encounters the C=C or C≡C at the earliest. If there is a tie, then the chain is numbered such that the substituents get the lowest locator numbers.

The carbon atoms having a double or triple bond between them are always assigned C1 and C2, if the root is a ring. This must be done such that the locator numbers for the substituents are minimized. The lower of the two locator numbers for the C=C or C≡C is written before the ene or yne suffix. Prefixes and locator numbers are used for the substituents attached.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The IUPAC name for the given compound is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

In case of molecules containing a C=C or a C≡C, the longest continuous carbon chain or largest ring that contains the double or triple bond is considered as the root. It is possible that the longest carbon chain has more carbons than specified by the root. But the double or triple bond must be a part of the root. The root is named from the name of the analogous alkane or cycloalkane by replacing the suffix ane by ene if a double bond is present. The suffix ane is replaced by yne if a triple bond is present.

If the root is a chain, the numbering begins from that end of the chain, which encounters the C=C or C≡C bond at the earliest. If there is a tie, then the chain is numbered such that the substituents get the lowest locator numbers.

The carbon atoms having a double or triple bond between them are always assigned C1 and C2, if the root is a ring. This must be done such that the locator numbers for the substituents are minimized. The lower of the two locator numbers for the C=C or C≡C is written before the ene or yne suffix. In case of cycloalkene or cycloalkyne, the locator number is not included explicitly. Prefixes and locator numbers are used for the substituents attached.

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A small artisanal cheesemaker is testing the acidity of their milk before it coagulates. During fermentation, bacteria produce lactic acid (K₁ = 1.4 x 104), a weak acid that helps to curdle the milk and develop flavor. The cheesemaker has measured that the developing mixture contains lactic acid at an initial concentration of 0.025 M. Your task is to calculate the pH of this mixture and determine whether it meets the required acidity for proper cheese development. To achieve the best flavor, texture and reduce/control microbial growth, the pH range needs to be between pH 4.6 and 5.0. Assumptions: Lactic acid is a monoprotic acid H H :0:0: H-C-C H :0: O-H Figure 1: Lewis Structure for Lactic Acid For simplicity, you can use the generic formula HA to represent the acid You can assume lactic acid dissociation is in water as milk is mostly water. Temperature is 25°C 1. Write the K, expression for the dissociation of lactic acid in the space provided. Do not forget to include state symbols.…

Answer 2

Question

Chapter B, Problem B.4P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The IUPAC name for the given compound is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

In case of molecules containing a C=C or C≡C bond, the longest continuous carbon chain or largest ring that contains the double or triple bond is considered as the root. It is possible that the longest carbon chain has more carbons than specified by the root. But the double or triple bond must be a part of the root. The root is named from the name of the analogous alkane or cycloalkane by replacing the suffix ane by ene if a double bond is present. The suffix ane is replaced by yne if a triple bond is present.

If the root is a chain, the numbering begins from that end of the chain, which encounters the C=C or C≡C at the earliest. If there is a tie, then the chain is numbered such that the substituents get the lowest locator numbers.

The carbon atoms having a double or triple bond between them are always assigned C1 and C2, if the root is a ring. This must be done such that the locator numbers for the substituents are minimized. The lower of the two locator numbers for the C=C or C≡C is written before the ene or yne suffix. Prefixes and locator numbers are used for the substituents attached.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The IUPAC name for the given compound is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

In case of molecules containing a C=C or C≡C bond, the longest continuous carbon chain or largest ring that contains the double or triple bond is considered as the root. It is possible that the longest carbon chain has more carbons than specified by the root. But the double or triple bond must be a part of the root. The root is named from the name of the analogous alkane or cycloalkane by replacing the suffix ane by ene if a double bond is present. The suffix ane is replaced by yne if a triple bond is present.

If the root is a chain, the numbering begins from that end of the chain, which encounters the C=C or C≡C at the earliest. If there is a tie, then the chain is numbered such that the substituents get the lowest locator numbers.

The carbon atoms having a double or triple bond between them are always assigned C1 and C2, if the root is a ring. This must be done such that the locator numbers for the substituents are minimized. The lower of the two locator numbers for the C=C or C≡C is written before the ene or yne suffix. Prefixes and locator numbers are used for the substituents attached.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The IUPAC name for the given compound is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

In case of molecules containing a C=C or a C≡C, the longest continuous carbon chain or largest ring that contains the double or triple bond is considered as the root. It is possible that the longest carbon chain has more carbons than specified by the root. But the double or triple bond must be a part of the root. The root is named from the name of the analogous alkane or cycloalkane by replacing the suffix ane by ene if a double bond is present. The suffix ane is replaced by yne if a triple bond is present.

If the root is a chain, the numbering begins from that end of the chain, which encounters the C=C or C≡C bond at the earliest. If there is a tie, then the chain is numbered such that the substituents get the lowest locator numbers.

The carbon atoms having a double or triple bond between them are always assigned C1 and C2, if the root is a ring. This must be done such that the locator numbers for the substituents are minimized. The lower of the two locator numbers for the C=C or C≡C is written before the ene or yne suffix. In case of cycloalkene or cycloalkyne, the locator number is not included explicitly. Prefixes and locator numbers are used for the substituents attached.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter B, Problem B.4P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The IUPAC name for the given compound is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

In case of molecules containing a C=C or C≡C bond, the longest continuous carbon chain or largest ring that contains the double or triple bond is considered as the root. It is possible that the longest carbon chain has more carbons than specified by the root. But the double or triple bond must be a part of the root. The root is named from the name of the analogous alkane or cycloalkane by replacing the suffix ane by ene if a double bond is present. The suffix ane is replaced by yne if a triple bond is present.

If the root is a chain, the numbering begins from that end of the chain, which encounters the C=C or C≡C at the earliest. If there is a tie, then the chain is numbered such that the substituents get the lowest locator numbers.

The carbon atoms having a double or triple bond between them are always assigned C1 and C2, if the root is a ring. This must be done such that the locator numbers for the substituents are minimized. The lower of the two locator numbers for the C=C or C≡C is written before the ene or yne suffix. Prefixes and locator numbers are used for the substituents attached.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The IUPAC name for the given compound is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

In case of molecules containing a C=C or C≡C bond, the longest continuous carbon chain or largest ring that contains the double or triple bond is considered as the root. It is possible that the longest carbon chain has more carbons than specified by the root. But the double or triple bond must be a part of the root. The root is named from the name of the analogous alkane or cycloalkane by replacing the suffix ane by ene if a double bond is present. The suffix ane is replaced by yne if a triple bond is present.

If the root is a chain, the numbering begins from that end of the chain, which encounters the C=C or C≡C at the earliest. If there is a tie, then the chain is numbered such that the substituents get the lowest locator numbers.

The carbon atoms having a double or triple bond between them are always assigned C1 and C2, if the root is a ring. This must be done such that the locator numbers for the substituents are minimized. The lower of the two locator numbers for the C=C or C≡C is written before the ene or yne suffix. Prefixes and locator numbers are used for the substituents attached.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The IUPAC name for the given compound is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

In case of molecules containing a C=C or a C≡C, the longest continuous carbon chain or largest ring that contains the double or triple bond is considered as the root. It is possible that the longest carbon chain has more carbons than specified by the root. But the double or triple bond must be a part of the root. The root is named from the name of the analogous alkane or cycloalkane by replacing the suffix ane by ene if a double bond is present. The suffix ane is replaced by yne if a triple bond is present.

If the root is a chain, the numbering begins from that end of the chain, which encounters the C=C or C≡C bond at the earliest. If there is a tie, then the chain is numbered such that the substituents get the lowest locator numbers.

The carbon atoms having a double or triple bond between them are always assigned C1 and C2, if the root is a ring. This must be done such that the locator numbers for the substituents are minimized. The lower of the two locator numbers for the C=C or C≡C is written before the ene or yne suffix. In case of cycloalkene or cycloalkyne, the locator number is not included explicitly. Prefixes and locator numbers are used for the substituents attached.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter B, Problem B.4P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The IUPAC name for the given compound is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

In case of molecules containing a C=C or C≡C bond, the longest continuous carbon chain or largest ring that contains the double or triple bond is considered as the root. It is possible that the longest carbon chain has more carbons than specified by the root. But the double or triple bond must be a part of the root. The root is named from the name of the analogous alkane or cycloalkane by replacing the suffix ane by ene if a double bond is present. The suffix ane is replaced by yne if a triple bond is present.

If the root is a chain, the numbering begins from that end of the chain, which encounters the C=C or C≡C at the earliest. If there is a tie, then the chain is numbered such that the substituents get the lowest locator numbers.

The carbon atoms having a double or triple bond between them are always assigned C1 and C2, if the root is a ring. This must be done such that the locator numbers for the substituents are minimized. The lower of the two locator numbers for the C=C or C≡C is written before the ene or yne suffix. Prefixes and locator numbers are used for the substituents attached.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The IUPAC name for the given compound is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

In case of molecules containing a C=C or C≡C bond, the longest continuous carbon chain or largest ring that contains the double or triple bond is considered as the root. It is possible that the longest carbon chain has more carbons than specified by the root. But the double or triple bond must be a part of the root. The root is named from the name of the analogous alkane or cycloalkane by replacing the suffix ane by ene if a double bond is present. The suffix ane is replaced by yne if a triple bond is present.

If the root is a chain, the numbering begins from that end of the chain, which encounters the C=C or C≡C at the earliest. If there is a tie, then the chain is numbered such that the substituents get the lowest locator numbers.

The carbon atoms having a double or triple bond between them are always assigned C1 and C2, if the root is a ring. This must be done such that the locator numbers for the substituents are minimized. The lower of the two locator numbers for the C=C or C≡C is written before the ene or yne suffix. Prefixes and locator numbers are used for the substituents attached.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The IUPAC name for the given compound is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

In case of molecules containing a C=C or a C≡C, the longest continuous carbon chain or largest ring that contains the double or triple bond is considered as the root. It is possible that the longest carbon chain has more carbons than specified by the root. But the double or triple bond must be a part of the root. The root is named from the name of the analogous alkane or cycloalkane by replacing the suffix ane by ene if a double bond is present. The suffix ane is replaced by yne if a triple bond is present.

If the root is a chain, the numbering begins from that end of the chain, which encounters the C=C or C≡C bond at the earliest. If there is a tie, then the chain is numbered such that the substituents get the lowest locator numbers.

The carbon atoms having a double or triple bond between them are always assigned C1 and C2, if the root is a ring. This must be done such that the locator numbers for the substituents are minimized. The lower of the two locator numbers for the C=C or C≡C is written before the ene or yne suffix. In case of cycloalkene or cycloalkyne, the locator number is not included explicitly. Prefixes and locator numbers are used for the substituents attached.

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Answer 5

Chapter B, Problem B.4P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The IUPAC name for the given compound is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

In case of molecules containing a C=C or C≡C bond, the longest continuous carbon chain or largest ring that contains the double or triple bond is considered as the root. It is possible that the longest carbon chain has more carbons than specified by the root. But the double or triple bond must be a part of the root. The root is named from the name of the analogous alkane or cycloalkane by replacing the suffix ane by ene if a double bond is present. The suffix ane is replaced by yne if a triple bond is present.

If the root is a chain, the numbering begins from that end of the chain, which encounters the C=C or C≡C at the earliest. If there is a tie, then the chain is numbered such that the substituents get the lowest locator numbers.

The carbon atoms having a double or triple bond between them are always assigned C1 and C2, if the root is a ring. This must be done such that the locator numbers for the substituents are minimized. The lower of the two locator numbers for the C=C or C≡C is written before the ene or yne suffix. Prefixes and locator numbers are used for the substituents attached.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The IUPAC name for the given compound is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

In case of molecules containing a C=C or C≡C bond, the longest continuous carbon chain or largest ring that contains the double or triple bond is considered as the root. It is possible that the longest carbon chain has more carbons than specified by the root. But the double or triple bond must be a part of the root. The root is named from the name of the analogous alkane or cycloalkane by replacing the suffix ane by ene if a double bond is present. The suffix ane is replaced by yne if a triple bond is present.

If the root is a chain, the numbering begins from that end of the chain, which encounters the C=C or C≡C at the earliest. If there is a tie, then the chain is numbered such that the substituents get the lowest locator numbers.

The carbon atoms having a double or triple bond between them are always assigned C1 and C2, if the root is a ring. This must be done such that the locator numbers for the substituents are minimized. The lower of the two locator numbers for the C=C or C≡C is written before the ene or yne suffix. Prefixes and locator numbers are used for the substituents attached.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The IUPAC name for the given compound is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

In case of molecules containing a C=C or a C≡C, the longest continuous carbon chain or largest ring that contains the double or triple bond is considered as the root. It is possible that the longest carbon chain has more carbons than specified by the root. But the double or triple bond must be a part of the root. The root is named from the name of the analogous alkane or cycloalkane by replacing the suffix ane by ene if a double bond is present. The suffix ane is replaced by yne if a triple bond is present.

If the root is a chain, the numbering begins from that end of the chain, which encounters the C=C or C≡C bond at the earliest. If there is a tie, then the chain is numbered such that the substituents get the lowest locator numbers.

The carbon atoms having a double or triple bond between them are always assigned C1 and C2, if the root is a ring. This must be done such that the locator numbers for the substituents are minimized. The lower of the two locator numbers for the C=C or C≡C is written before the ene or yne suffix. In case of cycloalkene or cycloalkyne, the locator number is not included explicitly. Prefixes and locator numbers are used for the substituents attached.

Answer 6

Chapter B, Problem B.4P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The IUPAC name for the given compound is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

In case of molecules containing a C=C or C≡C bond, the longest continuous carbon chain or largest ring that contains the double or triple bond is considered as the root. It is possible that the longest carbon chain has more carbons than specified by the root. But the double or triple bond must be a part of the root. The root is named from the name of the analogous alkane or cycloalkane by replacing the suffix ane by ene if a double bond is present. The suffix ane is replaced by yne if a triple bond is present.

If the root is a chain, the numbering begins from that end of the chain, which encounters the C=C or C≡C at the earliest. If there is a tie, then the chain is numbered such that the substituents get the lowest locator numbers.

The carbon atoms having a double or triple bond between them are always assigned C1 and C2, if the root is a ring. This must be done such that the locator numbers for the substituents are minimized. The lower of the two locator numbers for the C=C or C≡C is written before the ene or yne suffix. Prefixes and locator numbers are used for the substituents attached.

Answer 7

Chapter B, Problem B.4P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The IUPAC name for the given compound is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

In case of molecules containing a C=C or C≡C bond, the longest continuous carbon chain or largest ring that contains the double or triple bond is considered as the root. It is possible that the longest carbon chain has more carbons than specified by the root. But the double or triple bond must be a part of the root. The root is named from the name of the analogous alkane or cycloalkane by replacing the suffix ane by ene if a double bond is present. The suffix ane is replaced by yne if a triple bond is present.

If the root is a chain, the numbering begins from that end of the chain, which encounters the C=C or C≡C at the earliest. If there is a tie, then the chain is numbered such that the substituents get the lowest locator numbers.

The carbon atoms having a double or triple bond between them are always assigned C1 and C2, if the root is a ring. This must be done such that the locator numbers for the substituents are minimized. The lower of the two locator numbers for the C=C or C≡C is written before the ene or yne suffix. Prefixes and locator numbers are used for the substituents attached.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The IUPAC name for the given compound is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

In case of molecules containing a C=C or C≡C bond, the longest continuous carbon chain or largest ring that contains the double or triple bond is considered as the root. It is possible that the longest carbon chain has more carbons than specified by the root. But the double or triple bond must be a part of the root. The root is named from the name of the analogous alkane or cycloalkane by replacing the suffix ane by ene if a double bond is present. The suffix ane is replaced by yne if a triple bond is present.

If the root is a chain, the numbering begins from that end of the chain, which encounters the C=C or C≡C at the earliest. If there is a tie, then the chain is numbered such that the substituents get the lowest locator numbers.

The carbon atoms having a double or triple bond between them are always assigned C1 and C2, if the root is a ring. This must be done such that the locator numbers for the substituents are minimized. The lower of the two locator numbers for the C=C or C≡C is written before the ene or yne suffix. Prefixes and locator numbers are used for the substituents attached.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The IUPAC name for the given compound is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

In case of molecules containing a C=C or C≡C bond, the longest continuous carbon chain or largest ring that contains the double or triple bond is considered as the root. It is possible that the longest carbon chain has more carbons than specified by the root. But the double or triple bond must be a part of the root. The root is named from the name of the analogous alkane or cycloalkane by replacing the suffix ane by ene if a double bond is present. The suffix ane is replaced by yne if a triple bond is present.

If the root is a chain, the numbering begins from that end of the chain, which encounters the C=C or C≡C at the earliest. If there is a tie, then the chain is numbered such that the substituents get the lowest locator numbers.

The carbon atoms having a double or triple bond between them are always assigned C1 and C2, if the root is a ring. This must be done such that the locator numbers for the substituents are minimized. The lower of the two locator numbers for the C=C or C≡C is written before the ene or yne suffix. Prefixes and locator numbers are used for the substituents attached.

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The IUPAC name for the given compound is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

In case of molecules containing a C=C or a C≡C, the longest continuous carbon chain or largest ring that contains the double or triple bond is considered as the root. It is possible that the longest carbon chain has more carbons than specified by the root. But the double or triple bond must be a part of the root. The root is named from the name of the analogous alkane or cycloalkane by replacing the suffix ane by ene if a double bond is present. The suffix ane is replaced by yne if a triple bond is present.

If the root is a chain, the numbering begins from that end of the chain, which encounters the C=C or C≡C bond at the earliest. If there is a tie, then the chain is numbered such that the substituents get the lowest locator numbers.

The carbon atoms having a double or triple bond between them are always assigned C1 and C2, if the root is a ring. This must be done such that the locator numbers for the substituents are minimized. The lower of the two locator numbers for the C=C or C≡C is written before the ene or yne suffix. In case of cycloalkene or cycloalkyne, the locator number is not included explicitly. Prefixes and locator numbers are used for the substituents attached.

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The IUPAC name for the given compound is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

In case of molecules containing a C=C or a C≡C, the longest continuous carbon chain or largest ring that contains the double or triple bond is considered as the root. It is possible that the longest carbon chain has more carbons than specified by the root. But the double or triple bond must be a part of the root. The root is named from the name of the analogous alkane or cycloalkane by replacing the suffix ane by ene if a double bond is present. The suffix ane is replaced by yne if a triple bond is present.

If the root is a chain, the numbering begins from that end of the chain, which encounters the C=C or C≡C bond at the earliest. If there is a tie, then the chain is numbered such that the substituents get the lowest locator numbers.

The carbon atoms having a double or triple bond between them are always assigned C1 and C2, if the root is a ring. This must be done such that the locator numbers for the substituents are minimized. The lower of the two locator numbers for the C=C or C≡C is written before the ene or yne suffix. In case of cycloalkene or cycloalkyne, the locator number is not included explicitly. Prefixes and locator numbers are used for the substituents attached.

Answer 12

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Answer 13

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 14

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Answer 15

Ch. B - Prob. B.1P Ch. B - Prob. B.2P Ch. B - Prob. B.3P Ch. B - Prob. B.4P Ch. B - Prob. B.5P Ch. B - Prob. B.6P Ch. B - Prob. B.7P Ch. B - Prob. B.8P Ch. B - Prob. B.9P Ch. B - Prob. B.10P

Solution Summary: The author explains that the IUPAC name for the given compound is 5, 5-dibromopent-2-yne.

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