a.
To show:
A deletion by using the DNA sequence:
Introduction:
A change in the genetic code during replication is termed as “mutation”. A mutation can occur during replication or recombination. It is a permanent alteration in the
a.

Explanation of Solution
The deletion of three nucleotides from the gene will result in the non coding of that particular amino acid. This will cause the elimination of one amino acid from the polypeptide sequence. This may or may not alter the protein functioning.
Original sequence:
Mutation: If a single T has removed, from the codon “TCC” that encodes arginine from the given DNA sequence:
Mutation occurs:
Mutated strand:
The amino acid sequence becomes incorrect and it may lead to a malfunctioning of protein.
b.
To explain:
An insertion by using the DNA sequence:
Introduction:
A change in the genetic code during replication is termed as “mutation”. A mutation can occur during replication or recombination. It is a permanent alteration in the nucleotide sequence in
b.

Explanation of Solution
The unit of genetic code, which has three nucleotides that code for amino acids, is called codon. The insertion of single nucleotide will shift the reading frame and thus encoding amino acids will be changed. This will lead to inactivation of protein and thus malfunctioning will occur.
Original sequence:
If a single A is inserted, in the cotton “ATA” that encodes isoleucine from the given DNA sequence:
The amino acid sequence becomes incorrect and it may lead to a malfunctioning of protein.
c.
To explain:
A substitution by using the DNA sequence:
Introduction:
A change in the genetic code during replication is termed as “mutation”. A mutation can occur during replication or recombination. It is a permanent alteration in the nucleotide sequence in
c.

Explanation of Solution
The type of mutation that involves the change of base pair by another leading to the small change in peptide as encoded amino acid got changed is substitution mutation.
Original sequence:
If a single C is substituted with G nucleotide, in the codon “CCT” that encoded glycine, from the given DNA sequence:
The amino acid sequence becomes incorrect and it may lead to a malfunctioning of protein or may be a silent mutation. It may not create any change.
d.
To explain:
A nonsense mutation by using the DNA sequence:
Introduction:
A change in the genetic code during replication is termed as “mutation”. A mutation can occur during replication or recombination. It is a permanent alteration in the nucleotide sequence in
d.

Explanation of Solution
The nonsense mutations are the mutations that generate the stop codon. The generated stop codon terminates the translational process and thus the protein structure will not be formed because no more amino acids will be added to the sequence.
e.
To explain:
A frameshift mutation by using the DNA sequence:
Introduction:
A change in the genetic code during replication is termed as “mutation”. Mutation can occur during replication or recombination. It is a permanent alteration in the nucleotide sequence in
e.

Explanation of Solution
Mutation that occurs due to any insertion or deletion of bases that shift the bases and change the amino acid sequence is termed as Frameshift mutation. Any insertion, deletion or shifting of base can incorrect the amino acid sequence this will lead malfunctioning of protein.
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Chapter 9 Solutions
MICROBIOLOGY W/ACCESS
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