Chapter 9, Problem 49Q

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Two functional groups those are not discussed in this chapter have to be identified and an example for molecules that contains functional groups not discussed in this chapter have to be given by using the chapter 10.

Concept Introduction:

Functional group: They are certain substitutes in the organic molecules which determine the characteristic reactions taking place in it.

There are different types of functional groups and it includes alkane, alcohol, aldehyde, amine, ether, carboxylic acid etc.

Any organic molecule can be named by using certain rules given by IUPAC (International Union for Pure and applied chemistry). IUPAC name consists of three parts, namely Prefix, suffix and root word.

Prefix- Represents the substituent present in the molecule and its position in the root name.

Suffix denotes the presence of functional group if any in the molecule. It can be an alkene, alkyne, alcohol, carboxylic acid, alcohol etc...

Root word - Represents the longest continuous carbon skeleton of the organic molecule.

When a molecule consists of cyclic structure, the root word of the molecule is prefixed with cyclo, if it is two cyclic structure combined then prefixed with bicyclo.

$\begin{array}{ccc}\text{Functional group}& \text{Suffix name}& \text{Prefix name}\\ \text{Carboxylic acid}& \text{-oic acid}& \text{Carboxy}\\ \text{Ester}& \text{-oate}& \text{Alkoxy carbonyl}\\ \text{Amide}& \text{-amide}& \text{Amido}\\ \text{Nitrile}& \text{-ntrile}& \text{Cyano}\\ \text{Aldehyde}& \text{-al}& \text{Oxo(=O)}\\ \text{Aldehyde}& \text{-al}& \text{Formyl(-CH=O)}\\ \text{Ketone}& \text{-one}& \text{Oxo(=O)}\\ \text{Alcohol}& \text{-ol}& \text{Hydroxy}\\ \text{Amine}& \text{-amine}& \text{Amino}\\ \text{Alkene}& \text{-ene}& \text{Alkenyl}\\ \text{Alkyne}& \text{-yne}& \text{Alkynyl}\\ \text{Alkane}& \text{-ane}& \text{Alkyl}\\ \text{Ether}& \text{---}& \text{Alkoxy}\\ \text{Alkylhalide}& \text{---}& \text{Halo}\end{array}$

Explanation of Solution

Using chapter 10 the two functional groups that are not discussed in this chapter are ethers and ketones.

The organic compound that contains aryl/alkyl groups bonded to an $O$ atom is referred as ether.

The ketone is an organic functional group that contains a $\text{C=O}$ to which two R groups gets bonded.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structural formula for acetone molecule in question 45 has to identified also the functional group present in it has to be indicated.

Concept Introduction:

Functional group: They are certain substitutes in the organic molecules which determine the characteristic reactions taking place in it.

There are different types of functional groups and it includes alkane, alcohol, aldehyde, amine, ether, carboxylic acid etc.

Any organic molecule can be named by using certain rules given by IUPAC (International Union for Pure and applied chemistry). IUPAC name consists of three parts, namely Prefix, suffix and root word.

Prefix- Represents the substituent present in the molecule and its position in the root name.

Suffix denotes the presence of functional group if any in the molecule. It can be an alkene, alkyne, alcohol, carboxylic acid, alcohol etc...

Root word - Represents the longest continuous carbon skeleton of the organic molecule.

When a molecule consists of cyclic structure, the root word of the molecule is prefixed with cyclo, if it is two cyclic structure combined then prefixed with bicyclo.

$\begin{array}{ccc}\text{Functional group}& \text{Suffix name}& \text{Prefix name}\\ \text{Carboxylic acid}& \text{-oic acid}& \text{Carboxy}\\ \text{Ester}& \text{-oate}& \text{Alkoxy carbonyl}\\ \text{Amide}& \text{-amide}& \text{Amido}\\ \text{Nitrile}& \text{-ntrile}& \text{Cyano}\\ \text{Aldehyde}& \text{-al}& \text{Oxo(=O)}\\ \text{Aldehyde}& \text{-al}& \text{Formyl(-CH=O)}\\ \text{Ketone}& \text{-one}& \text{Oxo(=O)}\\ \text{Alcohol}& \text{-ol}& \text{Hydroxy}\\ \text{Amine}& \text{-amine}& \text{Amino}\\ \text{Alkene}& \text{-ene}& \text{Alkenyl}\\ \text{Alkyne}& \text{-yne}& \text{Alkynyl}\\ \text{Alkane}& \text{-ane}& \text{Alkyl}\\ \text{Ether}& \text{---}& \text{Alkoxy}\\ \text{Alkylhalide}& \text{---}& \text{Halo}\end{array}$

Explanation of Solution

Following the IUPAC rules the structure for acetone is drawn as follows,

Observing the structure clearly shows that it contains ketone group with it since it consists of $\text{C=O}$ to which two R groups gets bonded to carbon in $\text{C=O}$.