Chapter 9, Problem

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The functional groups present in styrene have to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Functional group: They are certain substitutes in the organic molecules which determine the characteristic reactions taking place in it.

There are different types of functional groups and it includes alkane, alcohol, aldehyde, amine, ether, carboxylic acid etc.

The cyclic group of atoms with formula ${\text{C}}_{\text{6}}{\text{H}}_{\text{5}}$ is referred as phenyl group.

Alkenes: Alkenes are one of the important types of hydrocarbon which have at least one carbon-carbon double bond ($\text{C=C}$).

Explanation of Solution

Analyzing the given structure for given styrene compound clearly shows that it contains one phenyl group since one ${\text{C}}_{\text{6}}{\text{H}}_{\text{5}}$ ring is present and one carbon-carbon double bond means alkene group is also present in the given compound.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The functional groups present in ethylene glycol have to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Functional group: They are certain substitutes in the organic molecules which determine the characteristic reactions taking place in it.

There are different types of functional groups and it includes alkane, alcohol, aldehyde, amine, ether, carboxylic acid etc.

The entity formed as a result of bond formation between oxygen and hydrogen is called hydroxyl group. This is represented by $-OH$.

Explanation of Solution

Analyzing the structure for given ethylene compound clearly shows that it contains two hydroxyl groups since hydroxyl group is entity formed by bond formation between oxygen and hydrogen atoms.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The functional groups present in terephthalic acid have to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Functional group: They are certain substitutes in the organic molecules which determine the characteristic reactions taking place in it.

There are different types of functional groups and it includes alkane, alcohol, aldehyde, amine, ether, carboxylic acid etc.

The cyclic group of atoms with formula ${\text{C}}_{\text{6}}{\text{H}}_{\text{5}}$ is referred as phenyl group.

Alkenes: Alkenes are one of the important types of hydrocarbon which have at least one carbon-carbon double bond ($\text{C=C}$).

The functional group carboxylic acid is one which contains one hydroxyl group gets bonded with one carbonyl group that is one $\text{-OH}$ bonded with one $\text{C=O}$.

The entity formed as a result of bond formation between oxygen and hydrogen is called hydroxyl group. This is represented by $-OH$.

Explanation of Solution

Analyzing the given structure for given terephthalic acid compound clearly shows that it contains one phenyl group since one ${\text{C}}_{\text{6}}{\text{H}}_{\text{5}}$ ring is present and two carboxylic acids groups with it.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The functional groups present in the amino acid in which $\text{R=H}$ have to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Functional group: They are certain substitutes in the organic molecules which determine the characteristic reactions taking place in it.

There are different types of functional groups and it includes alkane, alcohol, aldehyde, amine, ether, carboxylic acid etc.

The functional group carboxylic acid is one which contains one hydroxyl group gets bonded with one carbonyl group that is one $\text{-OH}$ bonded with one $\text{C=O}$.

The entity formed as a result of bond formation between oxygen and hydrogen is called hydroxyl group. This is represented by $-OH$.

Carboxylic acid: One $-OH$ group is attached to the carbonyl carbon atom of the compound. It is represented as $RCOOH$

Amines are the derivatives of ammonia $\left(N{H}_3\right)$ with one or more of the hydrogens replaced with a substituent such as an alkyl group.

Explanation of Solution

Amino acid had both amino functional group and carboxyl functional group in a molecule.

Amino functional group is ${\text{(-NH}}_{\text{2}}\text{)}$ and carboxyl functional group is $\text{(-COOH)}$ and a $\text{R}$ group is considered as side chain, when all these are bonded to same carbon atom.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The functional groups present in hexamethylenediamine have to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Functional group: They are certain substitutes in the organic molecules which determine the characteristic reactions taking place in it.

There are different types of functional groups and it includes alkane, alcohol, aldehyde, amine, ether, carboxylic acid etc.

Amines are the derivatives of ammonia $\left(N{H}_3\right)$ with one or more of the hydrogens replaced with a substituent such as an alkyl group.

Depending on the number of carbon side chain of the nitrogen, different types of amines can form.

Explanation of Solution

Analyzing the given structure for given hexamethylenediamine compound clearly shows that it contains two $-N{H}_2$ groups therefore, the functional present in it is amine.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The functional groups present in adipic acid have to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Functional group: They are certain substitutes in the organic molecules which determine the characteristic reactions taking place in it.

There are different types of functional groups and it includes alkane, alcohol, aldehyde, amine, ether, carboxylic acid etc.

Carboxylic acid: One $-OH$ group is attached to the carbonyl carbon atom of the compound. It is represented as $RCOOH$

The functional group carboxylic acid is one which contains one hydroxyl group gets bonded with one carbonyl group that is one $\text{-OH}$ bonded with one $\text{C=O}$.

The entity formed as a result of bond formation between oxygen and hydrogen is called hydroxyl group. This is represented by $-OH$.

Explanation of Solution

Analyzing the structure for given adipic acid compound clearly shows that it contains two carboxylic acids since carboxylic acid entity is one which contains one hydroxyl group gets bonded with carbonyl group.