The potential effect of an abnormally high level of a growth hormone on the regulation of the cell cycle. Introduction: Multicellular organisms have tight regulation on cell division, thus the division of cell only takes place when needed. Inactivation or activation of cell cycle is mainly regulated by hormones (signaling molecules). Growth hormones promote muscular growth and skeletal growth. The cell cycle is set of stages that take place between the cell division and the time resulting in formation of daughter cells.

Question

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 9, Problem 1NS.1QC

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The potential effect of an abnormally high level of a growth hormone on the regulation of the cell cycle.

Introduction:

Multicellular organisms have tight regulation on cell division, thus the division of cell only takes place when needed. Inactivation or activation of cell cycle is mainly regulated by hormones (signaling molecules). Growth hormones promote muscular growth and skeletal growth. The cell cycle is set of stages that take place between the cell division and the time resulting in formation of daughter cells.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Mitotic cyclins binds to mitotic “cyclin dependent Kinases” which results in activation of CDKs leading to activation of “CDKs phosphorylated RB proteins”. These proteins assist segregation of chromosomes. The function of RB (retinoblastoma) is to stop the cancer development. Under normal conditions the protein binds with E2F (required in S phase) and the cell cycle moves in forward direction but only when RB is unphosphorylated.

Upon phosphorylation of RB by CDK, E2F detach from RB and activates transcription of many genes. If the levels of growth hormones are increased then it will result in abnormal growth of many organs such as change in metabolic conditions and increase in muscle tissues. The continuous stimulation of growth hormone will result in cell division and abnormal growth. Thus, the RB remains in its phosphorylated state.

Conclusion

The high level of growth hormone will affect the growth of varies organs in the body.

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One of the ways for a cell to generate ATP is through the oxidative phosphorylation. In oxidative phosphorylation 3 ATP are produced from every one NADH molecule. In respiration, every glucose molecule produces 10 NADH molecules. If a cell is growing on 5 glucose molecules, how much ATP can be produced using oxidative phosphorylation/aerobic respiration?

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 9, Problem 1NS.1QC

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The potential effect of an abnormally high level of a growth hormone on the regulation of the cell cycle.

Introduction:

Multicellular organisms have tight regulation on cell division, thus the division of cell only takes place when needed. Inactivation or activation of cell cycle is mainly regulated by hormones (signaling molecules). Growth hormones promote muscular growth and skeletal growth. The cell cycle is set of stages that take place between the cell division and the time resulting in formation of daughter cells.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Mitotic cyclins binds to mitotic “cyclin dependent Kinases” which results in activation of CDKs leading to activation of “CDKs phosphorylated RB proteins”. These proteins assist segregation of chromosomes. The function of RB (retinoblastoma) is to stop the cancer development. Under normal conditions the protein binds with E2F (required in S phase) and the cell cycle moves in forward direction but only when RB is unphosphorylated.

Upon phosphorylation of RB by CDK, E2F detach from RB and activates transcription of many genes. If the levels of growth hormones are increased then it will result in abnormal growth of many organs such as change in metabolic conditions and increase in muscle tissues. The continuous stimulation of growth hormone will result in cell division and abnormal growth. Thus, the RB remains in its phosphorylated state.

Conclusion

The high level of growth hormone will affect the growth of varies organs in the body.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 9, Problem 1NS.1QC

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The potential effect of an abnormally high level of a growth hormone on the regulation of the cell cycle.

Introduction:

Multicellular organisms have tight regulation on cell division, thus the division of cell only takes place when needed. Inactivation or activation of cell cycle is mainly regulated by hormones (signaling molecules). Growth hormones promote muscular growth and skeletal growth. The cell cycle is set of stages that take place between the cell division and the time resulting in formation of daughter cells.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Mitotic cyclins binds to mitotic “cyclin dependent Kinases” which results in activation of CDKs leading to activation of “CDKs phosphorylated RB proteins”. These proteins assist segregation of chromosomes. The function of RB (retinoblastoma) is to stop the cancer development. Under normal conditions the protein binds with E2F (required in S phase) and the cell cycle moves in forward direction but only when RB is unphosphorylated.

Upon phosphorylation of RB by CDK, E2F detach from RB and activates transcription of many genes. If the levels of growth hormones are increased then it will result in abnormal growth of many organs such as change in metabolic conditions and increase in muscle tissues. The continuous stimulation of growth hormone will result in cell division and abnormal growth. Thus, the RB remains in its phosphorylated state.

Conclusion

The high level of growth hormone will affect the growth of varies organs in the body.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 9, Problem 1NS.1QC

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The potential effect of an abnormally high level of a growth hormone on the regulation of the cell cycle.

Introduction:

Multicellular organisms have tight regulation on cell division, thus the division of cell only takes place when needed. Inactivation or activation of cell cycle is mainly regulated by hormones (signaling molecules). Growth hormones promote muscular growth and skeletal growth. The cell cycle is set of stages that take place between the cell division and the time resulting in formation of daughter cells.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Mitotic cyclins binds to mitotic “cyclin dependent Kinases” which results in activation of CDKs leading to activation of “CDKs phosphorylated RB proteins”. These proteins assist segregation of chromosomes. The function of RB (retinoblastoma) is to stop the cancer development. Under normal conditions the protein binds with E2F (required in S phase) and the cell cycle moves in forward direction but only when RB is unphosphorylated.

Upon phosphorylation of RB by CDK, E2F detach from RB and activates transcription of many genes. If the levels of growth hormones are increased then it will result in abnormal growth of many organs such as change in metabolic conditions and increase in muscle tissues. The continuous stimulation of growth hormone will result in cell division and abnormal growth. Thus, the RB remains in its phosphorylated state.

Conclusion

The high level of growth hormone will affect the growth of varies organs in the body.

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Answer 5

Chapter 9, Problem 1NS.1QC

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The potential effect of an abnormally high level of a growth hormone on the regulation of the cell cycle.

Introduction:

Multicellular organisms have tight regulation on cell division, thus the division of cell only takes place when needed. Inactivation or activation of cell cycle is mainly regulated by hormones (signaling molecules). Growth hormones promote muscular growth and skeletal growth. The cell cycle is set of stages that take place between the cell division and the time resulting in formation of daughter cells.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Mitotic cyclins binds to mitotic “cyclin dependent Kinases” which results in activation of CDKs leading to activation of “CDKs phosphorylated RB proteins”. These proteins assist segregation of chromosomes. The function of RB (retinoblastoma) is to stop the cancer development. Under normal conditions the protein binds with E2F (required in S phase) and the cell cycle moves in forward direction but only when RB is unphosphorylated.

Upon phosphorylation of RB by CDK, E2F detach from RB and activates transcription of many genes. If the levels of growth hormones are increased then it will result in abnormal growth of many organs such as change in metabolic conditions and increase in muscle tissues. The continuous stimulation of growth hormone will result in cell division and abnormal growth. Thus, the RB remains in its phosphorylated state.

Conclusion

The high level of growth hormone will affect the growth of varies organs in the body.

Answer 6

Chapter 9, Problem 1NS.1QC

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The potential effect of an abnormally high level of a growth hormone on the regulation of the cell cycle.

Introduction:

Multicellular organisms have tight regulation on cell division, thus the division of cell only takes place when needed. Inactivation or activation of cell cycle is mainly regulated by hormones (signaling molecules). Growth hormones promote muscular growth and skeletal growth. The cell cycle is set of stages that take place between the cell division and the time resulting in formation of daughter cells.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Mitotic cyclins binds to mitotic “cyclin dependent Kinases” which results in activation of CDKs leading to activation of “CDKs phosphorylated RB proteins”. These proteins assist segregation of chromosomes. The function of RB (retinoblastoma) is to stop the cancer development. Under normal conditions the protein binds with E2F (required in S phase) and the cell cycle moves in forward direction but only when RB is unphosphorylated.

Upon phosphorylation of RB by CDK, E2F detach from RB and activates transcription of many genes. If the levels of growth hormones are increased then it will result in abnormal growth of many organs such as change in metabolic conditions and increase in muscle tissues. The continuous stimulation of growth hormone will result in cell division and abnormal growth. Thus, the RB remains in its phosphorylated state.

Conclusion

The high level of growth hormone will affect the growth of varies organs in the body.

Answer 7

Chapter 9, Problem 1NS.1QC

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The potential effect of an abnormally high level of a growth hormone on the regulation of the cell cycle.

Introduction:

Multicellular organisms have tight regulation on cell division, thus the division of cell only takes place when needed. Inactivation or activation of cell cycle is mainly regulated by hormones (signaling molecules). Growth hormones promote muscular growth and skeletal growth. The cell cycle is set of stages that take place between the cell division and the time resulting in formation of daughter cells.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Mitotic cyclins binds to mitotic “cyclin dependent Kinases” which results in activation of CDKs leading to activation of “CDKs phosphorylated RB proteins”. These proteins assist segregation of chromosomes. The function of RB (retinoblastoma) is to stop the cancer development. Under normal conditions the protein binds with E2F (required in S phase) and the cell cycle moves in forward direction but only when RB is unphosphorylated.

Upon phosphorylation of RB by CDK, E2F detach from RB and activates transcription of many genes. If the levels of growth hormones are increased then it will result in abnormal growth of many organs such as change in metabolic conditions and increase in muscle tissues. The continuous stimulation of growth hormone will result in cell division and abnormal growth. Thus, the RB remains in its phosphorylated state.