Why are there such large differences between the synonymous and non-synonymous rates of nucleotide substitution? Concept introduction: A non-synonymous substitution is a nucleotide mutation that alters the amino acid sequence of a protein. It is contrasted with synonymous substitution or silent mutation, which do not alter the amino acid sequences. In non-synonymous mutations, there is usually an insertion or deletion of a single nucleotide base in the sequence during transcription when the messenger RNA is copying the DNA. This always results in frameshift mutation. On the other hand, in synonymous substitution, the newly substituted base also results in a codon exactly synonymous with the actual one. So it would not generate any sort of mutation rather they produce the exact amino acid.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 9, Problem 17Q

A.

Summary Introduction

To explain: Why are there such large differences between the synonymous and non-synonymous rates of nucleotide substitution?

Concept introduction:

A non-synonymous substitution is a nucleotide mutation that alters the amino acid sequence of a protein. It is contrasted with synonymous substitution or silent mutation, which do not alter the amino acid sequences. In non-synonymous mutations, there is usually an insertion or deletion of a single nucleotide base in the sequence during transcription when the messenger RNA is copying the DNA. This always results in frameshift mutation. On the other hand, in synonymous substitution, the newly substituted base also results in a codon exactly synonymous with the actual one. So it would not generate any sort of mutation rather they produce the exact amino acid.

B.

Summary Introduction

To explain: If the rates of synonymous changes are about the same for all genes, how is it possible for the histone H3 gene to resist so effectively those nucleotide changes that alter its amino acid sequence?

Concept introduction:

A non-synonymous substitution is a nucleotide mutation that alters the amino acid sequence of a protein. It is contrasted with synonymous substitution or silent mutation, which do not alter the amino acid sequences. In non-synonymous mutations, there is usually an insertion or deletion of a single nucleotide base in the sequence during transcription when the messenger RNA is copying the DNA. This always results in frameshift mutation. On the other hand, in synonymous substitution, the newly substituted base also results in a codon exactly synonymous with the actual one. So it would not generate any sort of mutation rather they produce the exact amino acid.

C.

Summary Introduction

To explain: What feature of the H3 protein argues against the highly privileged nature of this protein?

Concept introduction:

A non-synonymous substitution is a nucleotide mutation that alters the amino acid sequence of a protein. It is contrasted with synonymous substitution or silent mutation, which do not alter the amino acid sequences. In non-synonymous mutations, there is usually an insertion or deletion of a single nucleotide base in the sequence during transcription when the messenger RNA is copying the DNA. This always results in frameshift mutation. On the other hand, in synonymous substitution, the newly substituted base also results in a codon exactly synonymous with the actual one. So it would not generate any sort of mutation rather they produce the exact amino acid.

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✓ Details Draw a protein that is embedded in a membrane (a transmembrane protein), label the lipid bilayer and the protein. Identify the areas of the lipid bilayer that are hydrophobic and hydrophilic. Draw a membrane with two transporters: a proton pump transporter that uses ATP to generate a proton gradient, and a second transporter that moves glucose by secondary active transport (cartoon-like is ok). It will be important to show protons moving in the correct direction, and that the transporter that is powered by secondary active transport is logically related to the proton pump.

drawing chemical structure of ATP. please draw in and label whats asked. Thank you.

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 9, Problem 17Q

A.

Summary Introduction

To explain: Why are there such large differences between the synonymous and non-synonymous rates of nucleotide substitution?

Concept introduction:

A non-synonymous substitution is a nucleotide mutation that alters the amino acid sequence of a protein. It is contrasted with synonymous substitution or silent mutation, which do not alter the amino acid sequences. In non-synonymous mutations, there is usually an insertion or deletion of a single nucleotide base in the sequence during transcription when the messenger RNA is copying the DNA. This always results in frameshift mutation. On the other hand, in synonymous substitution, the newly substituted base also results in a codon exactly synonymous with the actual one. So it would not generate any sort of mutation rather they produce the exact amino acid.

B.

Summary Introduction

To explain: If the rates of synonymous changes are about the same for all genes, how is it possible for the histone H3 gene to resist so effectively those nucleotide changes that alter its amino acid sequence?

Concept introduction:

A non-synonymous substitution is a nucleotide mutation that alters the amino acid sequence of a protein. It is contrasted with synonymous substitution or silent mutation, which do not alter the amino acid sequences. In non-synonymous mutations, there is usually an insertion or deletion of a single nucleotide base in the sequence during transcription when the messenger RNA is copying the DNA. This always results in frameshift mutation. On the other hand, in synonymous substitution, the newly substituted base also results in a codon exactly synonymous with the actual one. So it would not generate any sort of mutation rather they produce the exact amino acid.

C.

Summary Introduction

To explain: What feature of the H3 protein argues against the highly privileged nature of this protein?

Concept introduction:

A non-synonymous substitution is a nucleotide mutation that alters the amino acid sequence of a protein. It is contrasted with synonymous substitution or silent mutation, which do not alter the amino acid sequences. In non-synonymous mutations, there is usually an insertion or deletion of a single nucleotide base in the sequence during transcription when the messenger RNA is copying the DNA. This always results in frameshift mutation. On the other hand, in synonymous substitution, the newly substituted base also results in a codon exactly synonymous with the actual one. So it would not generate any sort of mutation rather they produce the exact amino acid.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 9, Problem 17Q

A.

Summary Introduction

To explain: Why are there such large differences between the synonymous and non-synonymous rates of nucleotide substitution?

Concept introduction:

A non-synonymous substitution is a nucleotide mutation that alters the amino acid sequence of a protein. It is contrasted with synonymous substitution or silent mutation, which do not alter the amino acid sequences. In non-synonymous mutations, there is usually an insertion or deletion of a single nucleotide base in the sequence during transcription when the messenger RNA is copying the DNA. This always results in frameshift mutation. On the other hand, in synonymous substitution, the newly substituted base also results in a codon exactly synonymous with the actual one. So it would not generate any sort of mutation rather they produce the exact amino acid.

B.

Summary Introduction

To explain: If the rates of synonymous changes are about the same for all genes, how is it possible for the histone H3 gene to resist so effectively those nucleotide changes that alter its amino acid sequence?

Concept introduction:

A non-synonymous substitution is a nucleotide mutation that alters the amino acid sequence of a protein. It is contrasted with synonymous substitution or silent mutation, which do not alter the amino acid sequences. In non-synonymous mutations, there is usually an insertion or deletion of a single nucleotide base in the sequence during transcription when the messenger RNA is copying the DNA. This always results in frameshift mutation. On the other hand, in synonymous substitution, the newly substituted base also results in a codon exactly synonymous with the actual one. So it would not generate any sort of mutation rather they produce the exact amino acid.

C.

Summary Introduction

To explain: What feature of the H3 protein argues against the highly privileged nature of this protein?

Concept introduction:

A non-synonymous substitution is a nucleotide mutation that alters the amino acid sequence of a protein. It is contrasted with synonymous substitution or silent mutation, which do not alter the amino acid sequences. In non-synonymous mutations, there is usually an insertion or deletion of a single nucleotide base in the sequence during transcription when the messenger RNA is copying the DNA. This always results in frameshift mutation. On the other hand, in synonymous substitution, the newly substituted base also results in a codon exactly synonymous with the actual one. So it would not generate any sort of mutation rather they produce the exact amino acid.

Expert Solution & Answer

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 9, Problem 17Q

A.

Summary Introduction

To explain: Why are there such large differences between the synonymous and non-synonymous rates of nucleotide substitution?

Concept introduction:

A non-synonymous substitution is a nucleotide mutation that alters the amino acid sequence of a protein. It is contrasted with synonymous substitution or silent mutation, which do not alter the amino acid sequences. In non-synonymous mutations, there is usually an insertion or deletion of a single nucleotide base in the sequence during transcription when the messenger RNA is copying the DNA. This always results in frameshift mutation. On the other hand, in synonymous substitution, the newly substituted base also results in a codon exactly synonymous with the actual one. So it would not generate any sort of mutation rather they produce the exact amino acid.

B.

Summary Introduction

To explain: If the rates of synonymous changes are about the same for all genes, how is it possible for the histone H3 gene to resist so effectively those nucleotide changes that alter its amino acid sequence?

Concept introduction:

A non-synonymous substitution is a nucleotide mutation that alters the amino acid sequence of a protein. It is contrasted with synonymous substitution or silent mutation, which do not alter the amino acid sequences. In non-synonymous mutations, there is usually an insertion or deletion of a single nucleotide base in the sequence during transcription when the messenger RNA is copying the DNA. This always results in frameshift mutation. On the other hand, in synonymous substitution, the newly substituted base also results in a codon exactly synonymous with the actual one. So it would not generate any sort of mutation rather they produce the exact amino acid.

C.

Summary Introduction

To explain: What feature of the H3 protein argues against the highly privileged nature of this protein?

Concept introduction:

A non-synonymous substitution is a nucleotide mutation that alters the amino acid sequence of a protein. It is contrasted with synonymous substitution or silent mutation, which do not alter the amino acid sequences. In non-synonymous mutations, there is usually an insertion or deletion of a single nucleotide base in the sequence during transcription when the messenger RNA is copying the DNA. This always results in frameshift mutation. On the other hand, in synonymous substitution, the newly substituted base also results in a codon exactly synonymous with the actual one. So it would not generate any sort of mutation rather they produce the exact amino acid.

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Answer 5

Chapter 9, Problem 17Q

A.

Summary Introduction

To explain: Why are there such large differences between the synonymous and non-synonymous rates of nucleotide substitution?

Concept introduction:

A non-synonymous substitution is a nucleotide mutation that alters the amino acid sequence of a protein. It is contrasted with synonymous substitution or silent mutation, which do not alter the amino acid sequences. In non-synonymous mutations, there is usually an insertion or deletion of a single nucleotide base in the sequence during transcription when the messenger RNA is copying the DNA. This always results in frameshift mutation. On the other hand, in synonymous substitution, the newly substituted base also results in a codon exactly synonymous with the actual one. So it would not generate any sort of mutation rather they produce the exact amino acid.

B.

Summary Introduction

To explain: If the rates of synonymous changes are about the same for all genes, how is it possible for the histone H3 gene to resist so effectively those nucleotide changes that alter its amino acid sequence?

Concept introduction:

A non-synonymous substitution is a nucleotide mutation that alters the amino acid sequence of a protein. It is contrasted with synonymous substitution or silent mutation, which do not alter the amino acid sequences. In non-synonymous mutations, there is usually an insertion or deletion of a single nucleotide base in the sequence during transcription when the messenger RNA is copying the DNA. This always results in frameshift mutation. On the other hand, in synonymous substitution, the newly substituted base also results in a codon exactly synonymous with the actual one. So it would not generate any sort of mutation rather they produce the exact amino acid.

C.

Summary Introduction

To explain: What feature of the H3 protein argues against the highly privileged nature of this protein?

Concept introduction:

A non-synonymous substitution is a nucleotide mutation that alters the amino acid sequence of a protein. It is contrasted with synonymous substitution or silent mutation, which do not alter the amino acid sequences. In non-synonymous mutations, there is usually an insertion or deletion of a single nucleotide base in the sequence during transcription when the messenger RNA is copying the DNA. This always results in frameshift mutation. On the other hand, in synonymous substitution, the newly substituted base also results in a codon exactly synonymous with the actual one. So it would not generate any sort of mutation rather they produce the exact amino acid.

Answer 6

Chapter 9, Problem 17Q

A.

Summary Introduction

To explain: Why are there such large differences between the synonymous and non-synonymous rates of nucleotide substitution?

Concept introduction:

A non-synonymous substitution is a nucleotide mutation that alters the amino acid sequence of a protein. It is contrasted with synonymous substitution or silent mutation, which do not alter the amino acid sequences. In non-synonymous mutations, there is usually an insertion or deletion of a single nucleotide base in the sequence during transcription when the messenger RNA is copying the DNA. This always results in frameshift mutation. On the other hand, in synonymous substitution, the newly substituted base also results in a codon exactly synonymous with the actual one. So it would not generate any sort of mutation rather they produce the exact amino acid.

Answer 7

Chapter 9, Problem 17Q

A.

Summary Introduction

To explain: Why are there such large differences between the synonymous and non-synonymous rates of nucleotide substitution?

Concept introduction:

A non-synonymous substitution is a nucleotide mutation that alters the amino acid sequence of a protein. It is contrasted with synonymous substitution or silent mutation, which do not alter the amino acid sequences. In non-synonymous mutations, there is usually an insertion or deletion of a single nucleotide base in the sequence during transcription when the messenger RNA is copying the DNA. This always results in frameshift mutation. On the other hand, in synonymous substitution, the newly substituted base also results in a codon exactly synonymous with the actual one. So it would not generate any sort of mutation rather they produce the exact amino acid.

Answer 8

B.

Summary Introduction

To explain: If the rates of synonymous changes are about the same for all genes, how is it possible for the histone H3 gene to resist so effectively those nucleotide changes that alter its amino acid sequence?

Concept introduction:

A non-synonymous substitution is a nucleotide mutation that alters the amino acid sequence of a protein. It is contrasted with synonymous substitution or silent mutation, which do not alter the amino acid sequences. In non-synonymous mutations, there is usually an insertion or deletion of a single nucleotide base in the sequence during transcription when the messenger RNA is copying the DNA. This always results in frameshift mutation. On the other hand, in synonymous substitution, the newly substituted base also results in a codon exactly synonymous with the actual one. So it would not generate any sort of mutation rather they produce the exact amino acid.

Answer 9

B.

Summary Introduction

To explain: If the rates of synonymous changes are about the same for all genes, how is it possible for the histone H3 gene to resist so effectively those nucleotide changes that alter its amino acid sequence?

Concept introduction:

A non-synonymous substitution is a nucleotide mutation that alters the amino acid sequence of a protein. It is contrasted with synonymous substitution or silent mutation, which do not alter the amino acid sequences. In non-synonymous mutations, there is usually an insertion or deletion of a single nucleotide base in the sequence during transcription when the messenger RNA is copying the DNA. This always results in frameshift mutation. On the other hand, in synonymous substitution, the newly substituted base also results in a codon exactly synonymous with the actual one. So it would not generate any sort of mutation rather they produce the exact amino acid.

Answer 10

C.

Summary Introduction

To explain: What feature of the H3 protein argues against the highly privileged nature of this protein?

Concept introduction:

A non-synonymous substitution is a nucleotide mutation that alters the amino acid sequence of a protein. It is contrasted with synonymous substitution or silent mutation, which do not alter the amino acid sequences. In non-synonymous mutations, there is usually an insertion or deletion of a single nucleotide base in the sequence during transcription when the messenger RNA is copying the DNA. This always results in frameshift mutation. On the other hand, in synonymous substitution, the newly substituted base also results in a codon exactly synonymous with the actual one. So it would not generate any sort of mutation rather they produce the exact amino acid.

Answer 11

C.

Summary Introduction

To explain: What feature of the H3 protein argues against the highly privileged nature of this protein?

Concept introduction:

A non-synonymous substitution is a nucleotide mutation that alters the amino acid sequence of a protein. It is contrasted with synonymous substitution or silent mutation, which do not alter the amino acid sequences. In non-synonymous mutations, there is usually an insertion or deletion of a single nucleotide base in the sequence during transcription when the messenger RNA is copying the DNA. This always results in frameshift mutation. On the other hand, in synonymous substitution, the newly substituted base also results in a codon exactly synonymous with the actual one. So it would not generate any sort of mutation rather they produce the exact amino acid.

Answer 12

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Answer 15

Ch. 9 - Prob. 1Q Ch. 9 - Prob. 2Q Ch. 9 - Prob. 3Q Ch. 9 - Prob. 4Q Ch. 9 - Prob. 5Q Ch. 9 - Prob. 6Q Ch. 9 - Prob. 7Q Ch. 9 - Prob. 8Q Ch. 9 - Prob. 9Q Ch. 9 - Prob. 10Q

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