Chapter 8, Problem 8.37P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The number of inner, outer and valence electrons present in an $\text{O}$ atom is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The inner electrons are the electrons that are present in the inner shells of the atom. These are also known as core electrons. These are tightly bound to the nucleus and donot participate in the bonding.

The outer electrons are the electrons that are present in the outermost shell or the highest principle energy level of the atom. These may or may not be valence electrons.

The valence electrons are the electrons that are present in the outermost shell or higher energy level of an atom. They participate in the formation of chemical bonding and also determine the chemical properties of the atom.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The number of inner, outer and valence electrons present in $\text{Sn}$ atom is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The inner electrons are the electrons that are present in the inner shells of the atom. These are also known as core electrons. These are tightly bound to the nucleus and donot participate in the bonding.

The outer electrons are the electrons that are present in the outermost shell or the highest principle energy level of the atom. These may or may not be valence electrons.

The valence electrons are the electrons that are present in the outermost shell or higher energy level of an atom. They participate in the formation of chemical bonding and also determine the chemical properties of the atom.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The number of inner, outer and valence electrons present in $\text{Ca}$ atom is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The inner electrons are the electrons that are present in the inner shells of the atom. These are also known as core electrons. These are tightly bound to the nucleus and donot participate in the bonding.

The outer electrons are the electrons that are present in the outermost shell or the highest principle energy level of the atom. These may or may not be valence electrons.

The valence electrons are the electrons that are present in the outermost shell or higher energy level of an atom. They participate in the formation of chemical bonding and also determine the chemical properties of the atom.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The number of inner, outer and valence electrons present in $\text{Fe}$ atom is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The inner electrons are the electrons that are present in the inner shells of the atom. These are also known as core electrons. These are tightly bound to the nucleus and donot participate in the bonding.

The outer electrons are the electrons that are present in the outermost shell or the highest principle energy level of the atom. These may or may not be valence electrons.

The valence electrons are the electrons that are present in the outermost shell or higher energy level of an atom. They participate in the formation of chemical bonding and also determine the chemical properties of the atom.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The number of inner, outer and valence electrons present in $\text{Se}$ atom is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The inner electrons are the electrons that are present in the inner shells of the atom. These are also known as core electrons. These are tightly bound to the nucleus and donot participate in the bonding.

The outer electrons are the electrons that are present in the outermost shell or the highest principle energy level of the atom. These may or may not be valence electrons.

The valence electrons are the electrons that are present in the outermost shell or higher energy level of an atom. They participate in the formation of chemical bonding and also determine the chemical properties of the atom.