Chapter 8, Problem 8.10P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The penetration and its relation with shielding are to be determined. Also, the use of penetration effect to explain the difference in relative orbital energies of a $3p$ and a $3d$ electron in the same atom is to be explained.

Concept introduction:

Atomic orbitals are the regions of space around the nucleus of an atom where an electron is likely to be found. There are four types of atomic orbitals:

1. $s$ orbital (sharp).

2. $p$ orbital (principle).

3. $d$ orbital (diffuse).

4. $f$ orbital (fundamental).