Chapter 8, Problem 57E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given ions are to be placed in decreasing order of size.

Concept introduction: The ionic size depends on the number of electrons transferred. The atomic size of cations is smaller than anions. Also the size of ions increases by gaining electrons whereas size decreases by accepting electrons.

To determine: The decreasing order of size of ions $\text{Cu}{\text{,Cu}}^{+}{\text{,Cu}}^{2+}$.

Answer to Problem 57E

The size of ions $\text{Cu}{\text{,Cu}}^{+}{\text{,Cu}}^{2+}$ decreases in the order $\text{Cu}>{\text{Cu}}^{+}>{\text{Cu}}^{2+}$.

Explanation of Solution

In a periodic table the size of ions depends on the nuclear attraction on the valence electrons. Positive ions are formed by removing electrons from outer shell. Hence, formation of positive ions or cation not only vacant the orbitals but also decrease the electron-electron repulsion. As a result size of cations is smaller than neutral atom.

The ions ${\text{Cu}}^{+}\text{and}{\text{Cu}}^{2+}$ are positive ions where ${\text{Cu}}^{2+}$ is smaller because it contains large positive charge and have high nuclear attraction.

Hence, the decreasing order is $\text{Cu}>{\text{Cu}}^{+}>{\text{Cu}}^{2+}$.

Conclusion

The size of ions depends on the gaining or losing of electrons. The size of ions increases by gaining electrons whereas size decreases by accepting electrons. The decreasing order of ions size is $\text{Cu}>{\text{Cu}}^{+}>{\text{Cu}}^{2+}$.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given ions are to be placed in decreasing order of size.

Concept introduction: The ionic size depends on the number of electrons transferred. The atomic size of cations is smaller than anions. Also the size of ions increases by gaining electrons whereas size decreases by accepting electrons.

To determine: The decreasing order of size of ions ${\text{Ni}}^{2+}{\text{,Pd}}^{2+}{\text{,Pt}}^{2+}$.

Answer to Problem 57E

The size of ions ${\text{Ni}}^{2+}{\text{,Pd}}^{2+}{\text{,Pt}}^{2+}$ decreases in the order ${\text{Pt}}^{2+}>{\text{Pd}}^{2+}>{\text{Ni}}^{2+}$.

Explanation of Solution

In a periodic table, the size of elements increases down the group. The elements $\text{Ni},\text{Pd}\text{and}\text{Pt}$ lie in 10^th group. Hence, the increasing order of size is $\text{Ni}<\text{Pd}<\text{Pt}$.

The size of ions also depends on the nuclear attraction on the valence electrons. Positive ions are formed by removing electrons from outer shell. Hence, formation of positive ions or cation not only vacant the orbitals but also decrease the electron-electron repulsion. As a result size of cations is smaller than neutral atom.

Hence, the decreasing order of ions is ${\text{Pt}}^{2+}>{\text{Pd}}^{2+}>{\text{Ni}}^{2+}$.

Conclusion

The size of ions depends on the gaining or losing of electrons. The size of ions increases by gaining electrons whereas size decreases by accepting electrons. The decreasing order of ions size is ${\text{Pt}}^{2+}>{\text{Pd}}^{2+}>{\text{Ni}}^{2+}$.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given ions are to be placed in decreasing order of size.

Concept introduction: The ionic size depends on the number of electrons transferred. The atomic size of cations is smaller than anions. Also the size of ions increases by gaining electrons whereas size decreases by accepting electrons.

To determine: The decreasing order of size of ions $\text{O}{\text{,O}}^{-}{\text{,O}}^{2-}$.

Answer to Problem 57E

The size of ions $\text{O}{\text{,O}}^{-}{\text{,O}}^{2-}$ decreases in the order ${\text{O}}^{2-}>{\text{O}}^{-}>\text{O}$.

Explanation of Solution

Addition of electrons leads to increase in electron-electron repulsion which causes the electrons to spread out more in space. As a result, size of anion is larger than neutral atom.

Hence, the decreasing order of ions is ${\text{O}}^{2-}>{\text{O}}^{-}>\text{O}$.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given ions are to be placed in decreasing order of size.

Concept introduction: The ionic size depends on the number of electrons transferred. The atomic size of cations is smaller than anions. Also the size of ions increases by gaining electrons whereas size decreases by accepting electrons.

To determine: The decreasing order of size of ions ${\text{La}}^{3+}{\text{,Eu}}^{3+}{\text{,Gd}}^{3+},{\text{Yb}}^{3+}$.

Answer to Problem 57E

The size of ions ${\text{La}}^{3+}{\text{,Eu}}^{3+}{\text{,Gd}}^{3+},{\text{Yb}}^{3+}$ decreases in the order ${\text{La}}^{3+}>{\text{Eu}}^{3+}\text{>}{\text{Gd}}^{3+}>{\text{Yb}}^{3+}$.

Explanation of Solution

The elements $\text{La}\text{,}\text{Eu,}\text{Gd},\text{Yb}$ are transition elements. Since the size of atom decreases from left to right of the period, the size of ions also decreases from left to right of the period. In transition elements, electrons are filled in the $\left(\text{n-1}\right)\text{d}$ orbitals. These $\left(\text{n-1}\right)\text{d}$ electrons screen the $\text{ns}$ electrons from the nucleus. So the force of attraction between the $\text{ns}$ electrons and the nucleus decreases.

Hence, the decreasing order of ions is ${\text{La}}^{3+}>{\text{Eu}}^{3+}\text{>}{\text{Gd}}^{3+}>{\text{Yb}}^{3+}$.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The given ions are to be placed in decreasing order of size.

Concept introduction: The ionic size depends on the number of electrons transferred. The atomic size of cations is smaller than anions. Also the size of ions increases by gaining electrons whereas size decreases by accepting electrons.

To determine: The decreasing order of size of ions ${\text{Te}}^{2-},{\text{I}}^{-},{\text{Cs}}^{+},{\text{Ba}}^{2+},{\text{La}}^{3+}$.

Answer to Problem 57E

The size of ions ${\text{Te}}^{2-},{\text{I}}^{-},{\text{Cs}}^{+},{\text{Ba}}^{2+},{\text{La}}^{3+}$ decreases in the order ${\text{Te}}^{2-}>{\text{I}}^{-}>{\text{Cs}}^{+}>{\text{Ba}}^{2+}>{\text{La}}^{3+}$.

Explanation of Solution

In a periodic table, the size of elements decreases from left to right along the period. Also if the periodic number is increases then atomic size also increases. The elements $\text{Cs},\text{Ba}\text{and}\text{La}$ lie in 6^th period and elements $\text{Te}\text{and}\text{I}$ lie in 5^th period. Hence, the decreasing order of atomic size is $\text{Cs}>\text{Ba}>\text{La}>\text{Te}>\text{I}$.

The electronic configuration of ions ${\text{Te}}^{2-},{\text{I}}^{-},{\text{Cs}}^{+},{\text{Ba}}^{2+},{\text{La}}^{3+}$ is,

${\text{Te}}^{2-}$:${\text{1s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{3s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{3p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{3d}}^{\text{10}}{\text{4s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{4p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{4d}}^{\text{10}}{\text{5s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{5p}}^6$

${\text{I}}^{-}$:${\text{1s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{3s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{3p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{3d}}^{\text{10}}{\text{4s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{4p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{4d}}^{\text{10}}{\text{5s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{5p}}^{\text{6}}$

${\text{Cs}}^{+}$:${\text{1s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{3s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{3p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{3d}}^{\text{10}}{\text{4s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{4p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{4d}}^{\text{10}}{\text{5s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{5p}}^{\text{6}}$

${\text{Ba}}^{2+}$:${\text{1s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{3s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{3p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{3d}}^{\text{10}}{\text{4s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{4p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{4d}}^{\text{10}}{\text{5s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{5p}}^{\text{6}}$

${\text{La}}^{3+}$:${\text{1s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{3s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{3p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{3d}}^{\text{10}}{\text{4s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{4p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{4d}}^{\text{10}}{\text{5s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{5p}}^{\text{6}}$

The number of electrons present in ${\text{Te}}^{2-},{\text{I}}^{-},{\text{Cs}}^{+},{\text{Ba}}^{2+},{\text{La}}^{3+}$ ions is 54. Hence these ions are isoelectronic. Since the atomic size is increased with increase of anion charge and decrease with increase of cation charge. For isoelectronic configuration, the order of decreasing size of ions is ${\text{Te}}^{2-}>{\text{I}}^{-}>{\text{Cs}}^{+}>{\text{Ba}}^{2+}>{\text{La}}^{3+}$.