Interpretation:
The relative
Concept Introduction:
Electrophiles are electron deficient species which has positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles which accept electron pair.
Nucleophiles are electron rich species which has negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles which donate electron pair.
Free radical is an atom, molecule or ion that has unpaired electrons which makes it highly chemically reactive.
Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a functional group is substituted by any other functional group is called substitution reaction.
Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.
Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.
Carbocation is a molecule having a carbon atom bearing three bonds and a positive formal charge.
Carbocation are generally unstable because they do not have eight electrons to satisfy the octet rule.
The order of stability of carbocation is such that the tertiary carbocation is the most stable whereas the primary carbocation is the least stable, and secondary carbocation lies between primary and tertiary carbocations.
If primary carbocation is obtained in product, it rearranges itself to secondary or tertiary carbocation to form more stable product.
If secondary carbocation is obtained in product, it rearranges itself to tertiary carbocation to form more stable product.
The stability of carbocation:
The addition reaction is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted into saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.
The primary carbon atom is the one in which the required atom of carbon is attached to only one other atom of carbon. It is denoted by
The secondary carbon atom is the one in which the required atom of carbon is attached to two other atoms of carbon. It is denoted by
The tertiary carbon atom is the one in which the required atom of carbon is attached to three other atoms of carbon. It is denoted by
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 8 Solutions
ORGANIC CHEM. VOL.1+2-W/WILEYPLUS
- Reaction of this bicycloalkene with bromine in carbon tetrachloride gives a trans dibromide. In both (a) and (b), the bromine atoms are trans to each other. However, only one of these products is formed. Which trans dibromide is formed? How do you account for the fact that it is formed to the exclusion of the other trans dibromide?arrow_forwardDescribe a sequence of reactions by which 2-hexyne can be prepared from acetylene while minimizing the number of steps required. O 1. NANH2; 2. CH3CH2CH2Br; 3. NaNH2; 4. CH3B1 O 1. NANH2: 2. CH3Br; 3. CH3CH2CH2B1; O 1. NANH2; CH3Br; 3. NANH2; 4. CH3CH2CH2B O A or B O A or Carrow_forwardThe high reactivity of alkyl halides can be explained in terms of nature of C-X bond which is highly polarized covalent bond due to large difference in the electronegativities of carbon and halogen atom. This polarity is responsible for the nucleophilic substitution reactions of alkyl halides which mostly occur by Swa and Swa mechanisms. Sy reaction is a two-step process and in the first step, R-X ionizes to give carbocation (slow process). In the second step, the nucleophile attacks the carbocation from either side to form the product (fast process). In Swi reaction, there can be racemization and inversion. Swi reaction is favored by heavy (bulky) groups on the carbon atom attached to halogens. i.e., R,C-X>R;CH-X>R-CH,X>CH,X. In Sna reaction, the strong nucleophile OH attacks from the opposite side of the chlorine atom to give an intermediate (transition state) which breaks to yield the product (alcohol) and leaving (X) group. The alcohol has a configuration opposite to that of the…arrow_forward
- The reaction of 2-bromopropane and sodium ethoxide in ethanol reacts 6.7 times 1). faster than 2-bromo-1-deuteriopropane under the same conditions. Explain what mechanism this data is consistent with, and why. H(D) ELOH Br 2) the following reactions. Explain the reason(s) for the difference in relative rates and regiochemistry in Fast Slow EtO EtO ETOH ETOHarrow_forwardDraw the reaction equation of 1-bromobutane reacting with 18 wt. % sodium iodide in acetone.Remember that a reaction equation illustrates the conversion of starting materials into products) and includes a reaction arrow, specitying the conditions for the process. (b) Additionally, indicate whether this reaction follows an Su1 or Sp? mechanism.arrow_forwardWhen butane reacts with Br₂ in the presence of Cl₂, both brominated and chlorinated products are obtained. Under such conditions, the usual selectivity of bromination is not observed. In other words, the ratio of 2-bromobutane to 1-bromobutane is very similar to the ratio of 2-chlorobutane to 1-chlorobutane. Can you offer and explanation as to why we do not observe the normal selectivity expected for bromination? Chlorine radicals perform the first propagation step (hydrogen abstraction) comparison to bromine radicals. Under these conditions in radicals form easily in the presence of chlorine radicals. Subsequently, the resulting radicals can react with bromine in a second propagation step to yield monobrominated products.arrow_forward
- Jj.153.arrow_forwardGive an example of reaction that supports the unusual stability of benzene versus alkenes. You need to provide the products, where applicable.arrow_forward1. b) Show the MECHANISM for the POLAR addition of molecular chlorine to cyclopentane. c) The reaction of toluene and ethylbenzene was through the alkyl groups, -CH 3 and -CH 2 CH 3, respectively. Why didn’t xylene, which has TWO methyl groups, react with bromine in the time allotted?arrow_forward
- ] The reaction of 2-bromopropane and sodium ethoxide in ethanol reacts 6.7 times faster than 2-bromo-1-deuteriopropane under the same conditions. Explain what mechanism this data is consistent with, and whyarrow_forwardSelective synthesis and starting materials?arrow_forwardcan someone help me with this? Make a comparison table between the reaction mechanism SN1 and SN2, take into account thereaction order, nature of the substrates, solvents used, nature of the nucleophile, stereochemistry,kinetics, and other characteristics that you consider relevant.arrow_forward
- Organic ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305580350Author:William H. Brown, Brent L. Iverson, Eric Anslyn, Christopher S. FootePublisher:Cengage LearningOrganic Chemistry: A Guided InquiryChemistryISBN:9780618974122Author:Andrei StraumanisPublisher:Cengage Learning