ANAT.+PHYSIO.2-LAB.MAN. >CUSTOM<
20th Edition
ISBN: 9781264303090
Author: VanPutte
Publisher: MCGRAW-HILL HIGHER EDUCATION
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Chapter 8, Problem 19RAC
Summary Introduction
Introduction:
Joints are formed by the articulation of the surfaces of two or more bones. They also consist of cartilage, synovial membrane, ligaments, tendons, synovial fluids, bursa and meniscus. With aging, there are a number of changes that occur within the joints due to a decrease in strength of ligament and tendons and the modification in the protein structure of collagen fiber.
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Whenever the position of a joint is stabilized at a certain attitude, the nervous system produces this by :-
a- increasing the α-motor neuron discharge to all muscles attached to the jointb- increasing the γ-motor neuron discharge to all muscles attached to the jointc- increasing γ-motor neuron discharge to postural musclesd- co-activation of α and γ-motor neurons innervating the involved muscles
Which of the following summarizes the role of calcium in muscle contraction?
opens the binding sites for cross bridge activity
neurotransmitter that initiates the motor impulse for a contraction to occur
restabilizes the ion concentration for sustained contractions
What happens as a result of the movement of tropomyosin?
Calcium is pumped into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Active sites on actin are revealed
Release of calcium from terminal cisternae
Troponin changes its shape
Chapter 8 Solutions
ANAT.+PHYSIO.2-LAB.MAN. >CUSTOM<
Ch. 8.1 - What two standards are used to classify joints?...Ch. 8.1 - What are the characteristics of a fibrous joint?...Ch. 8.1 - What is a synostosis? How does it differ from a...Ch. 8.1 - Name the two types of cartilaginous joints, tell...Ch. 8.1 - Prob. 5AYPCh. 8.1 - Prob. 6AYPCh. 8.1 - Prob. 7AYPCh. 8.1 - On what basis are synovial joints classified? List...Ch. 8.1 - What directional movements are permitted at each...Ch. 8.2 - Describe flexion and extension. How are they...
Ch. 8.2 - Prob. 11AYPCh. 8.2 - Prob. 12AYPCh. 8.2 - Prob. 13AYPCh. 8.2 - Describe opposition and reposition of the thumb.Ch. 8.2 - Prob. 15AYPCh. 8.3 - What is range of motion? Contrast active and...Ch. 8.3 - Prob. 17AYPCh. 8.4 - Prob. 18AYPCh. 8.4 - Prob. 19AYPCh. 8.4 - Explain the differences in stability and movement...Ch. 8.4 - List the common knee injuries, and tell which port...Ch. 8.4 - Prob. 22AYPCh. 8.5 - Prob. 23AYPCh. 8.5 - Describe the age-related factors that cause loss...Ch. 8.5 - Prob. 25AYPCh. 8 - Which of these joints is not matched with the...Ch. 8 - Prob. 2RACCh. 8 - Prob. 3RACCh. 8 - Prob. 4RACCh. 8 - Prob. 5RACCh. 8 - Prob. 6RACCh. 8 - Which of these joints is correctly matched with...Ch. 8 - Prob. 8RACCh. 8 - Prob. 9RACCh. 8 - Prob. 10RACCh. 8 - Prob. 11RACCh. 8 - Prob. 12RACCh. 8 - For a ballet dancer to stand on her toes, her feet...Ch. 8 - Prob. 14RACCh. 8 - A lip (labrum) of fibro cartilage deepens the...Ch. 8 - Prob. 16RACCh. 8 - Prob. 17RACCh. 8 - Prob. 18RACCh. 8 - Prob. 19RACCh. 8 - How would body function be affected if the sterna...Ch. 8 - Prob. 2CTCh. 8 - For each of the following muscles, describe the...Ch. 8 - Prob. 4CT
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- Which statement or statements describe why depletion of ATP after death leads to rigor mortis? Select all that apply. ATP is required to move tropomyosin back over the active sites of thin filaments. ATP is required for myosin thick filaments to detach from actin thin filaments. ATP is required to pump calcium back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. ATP is required for the action potential to spread across the sarcolemma.arrow_forwardWhat event occurs immediately before the movement of tropomyosin? Initiation of the power stroke Cross bridge formation Active sites on actin are revealed Release of calcium from terminal cisternae Troponin changes shapearrow_forwardExplain each importance of the skeletal system and give examples eacharrow_forward
- The changes related to muscle mobility are the most obvious in older adult. There can be measurable differences in muscle strength, endurance, range of motion, coordination, elasticity, and flexibility of connective tissue. Regular exercise is necessary to prevent a decrease in muscle strength. Exercise helps to strengthen muscles and keeps joints, tendons, and ligaments more flexible, allowing for a more active lifestyle. Please research and describe some activities you could recommend to an elderly patient to stay active to help them maintain muscle massarrow_forwardThe change related to muscle mobility are the most obvious in older adult. There can be measurable differences in muscle strength, endurance, range of motion, coordination, elasticity, and flexibility of connective tissue. Regular exercise is necessary to prevent a decrease in muscle strength. Exercise helps to strengthen muscles and keeps joints, tendons, and ligaments more flexible, allowing for a more active lifestyle. Describe some activities you could recommend to an elderly patient to stay active to help them maintain muscle mass.arrow_forwardLimiting Weights is the exercise that stimulates muscles to become stronger. As muscles gain in…. Which of the following processes occurs at the cellular level? Mitochondria is added to aid in ATP production. More calcium is released with each action potential. Larger diameter myochorils are added to each cell.arrow_forward
- An isometric exercise is one in which the joint angle does not change during the application of muscle force. For instance, you can join your hands together, pushing down with one hand and pushing up with the other. In each arm, the muscles that provide the force are connected to the bones of the arm by tendons. If you increase the forces but keep the angles the same, the muscles will still contract. Explain how this is possible.arrow_forwardWhat happens when the muscular action potential spreads through transverse (T) tubules of the sarcolemma? The action potential in T tubules triggers the release of acetylcholine from the axon terminals of the motor neuron. The action potential in T tubules triggers closing of sodium channels and opening of potassium channels, which enables myosin cross bridges to form. The action potential in T tubules opens voltage-sensitive calcium channels in the T tubules, allowing calcium to flow into the sarcoplasm. The action potential in T tubules causes a shape change in voltage-sensitive proteins that pull open calcium channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum.arrow_forwardpart 1. Sarcolemma - a delicate cell membrane of the muscle cell 2. Nucleus - a rounded structure beneath the sarcoplasm 3. Sarcoplasm - a cytoplasm enclosed by the sarcolemma 4. Cross-striation - heavily shaded thin bands and light bands across the cell OBSERVATIONS: 1. What is the shape of the skeletal muscle fibers? 2. Draw and label the parts of the skeletal muscle fibers.arrow_forward
- You attended a swimming class because it is one of the most popular physical activities in the summer and thought as a positive form of regular exercise while on vacation. Imagine that when swimming the buoyancy of the water allows you to move limbs and joints more easily through their normal range of motion. Describe as many different movements of the joints of the upper and lower limb when swimming in the water.arrow_forwardWhich one of the following statements related to muscles is not true? 1. the epimysium layer is superficial to the perimysium layer 2. one sarcomere goes from z-line to z-line 3. cardiac muscle cells have one nucleus each 4. ligaments attach muscles to bonearrow_forwardTetanus is a phenomenon where muscle fibers are continuously contracted. What best explains this? Large action potentials on the sarcolemma Increase in acetylcholinesterase increase in the lag phase Increase in calcium pump activity Calcium remains elevated in the sarcoplasmarrow_forward
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