Chemistry with Access Code, Hybrid Edition
9th Edition
ISBN: 9781285188492
Author: Steven S. Zumdahl
Publisher: CENGAGE L
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Textbook Question
Chapter 8, Problem 149CP
Calculate the standard heat of formation of the compound ICl(g) at 25°C. (Hint: Use Table 8.5 and Appendix 4 data.)
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Answer the following questions that relate to the chemistry of nitrogen.
(a) Two nitrogen atoms combine to form a nitrogen molecule, as represented by the following equation.
2 N(g) ® N2(g)
Using the table of average bond energies below, determine the enthalpy change, AH, for the reaction.
Average Bond
Energy (k) mol-1)
Bond
N-N
160
N=N
420
N°N
950
(b) The reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen to form ammonia is represented below.
N2(g) + 3 H2(g)® 2 NH3(g)
AH° = -92.2 kJ
Predict the sign of the standard entropy change, AS', for the reaction. Justify your answer.
(C) The value of AG° for the reaction represented in part (b) is negative at low temperatures but positive at high temperatures. Explain.
Using the standard enthalpy of formation data, determine which bond is stronger: the P–Cl bond in PCl3(g) or in PCl5(g)?
14.
Chapter 8 Solutions
Chemistry with Access Code, Hybrid Edition
Ch. 8 - Distinguish between the terms electronegativity...Ch. 8 - When an element forms an anion, what happens to...Ch. 8 - Define the term lattice energy. Why,...Ch. 8 - Explain how bond energies can be used to estimate...Ch. 8 - Prob. 5RQCh. 8 - Explain the terms resonance and delocalized...Ch. 8 - Define formal charge and explain how to calculate...Ch. 8 - Give two requirements that should be satisfied for...Ch. 8 - Consider the following compounds: CO2, SO2, KrF2,...Ch. 8 - Explain the electronegativity trends across a row...
Ch. 8 - The ionic compound AB is formed. The charges on...Ch. 8 - Prob. 3ALQCh. 8 - The bond energy for a CH bond is about 413 kJ/mol...Ch. 8 - Prob. 5ALQCh. 8 - Which has the greater bond lengths: NO2 or NO3?...Ch. 8 - The following ions are best described with...Ch. 8 - The second electron affinity values for both...Ch. 8 - What is meant by a chemical bond? Why do atoms...Ch. 8 - Why are some bonds ionic and some covalent?Ch. 8 - How does a bond between Na and Cl differ from a...Ch. 8 - Arrange the following molecules from most to least...Ch. 8 - Does a Lewis structure tell which electron come...Ch. 8 - Describe the type of bonding that exists in die...Ch. 8 - Some plant fertilizer compounds are (NH4)2SO4,...Ch. 8 - Some of the important properties of ionic...Ch. 8 - What is the electronegativity trend? Where does...Ch. 8 - Give one example of a compound having a linear...Ch. 8 - When comparing the size of different ions, the...Ch. 8 - In general the higher the charge on the ions in an...Ch. 8 - Combustion reactions of fossil fuels provide most...Ch. 8 - Which of the following statements is/are true?...Ch. 8 - Three resonance structures can be drawn for CO2....Ch. 8 - Which of the following statements is(are) true?...Ch. 8 - Without using Fig. 3-4, predict the order of...Ch. 8 - Without using Fig. 3-4, predict the order of...Ch. 8 - Without using Fig. 3-4, predict which bond in each...Ch. 8 - Without using Fig. 3-4, predict which bond in each...Ch. 8 - Prob. 31ECh. 8 - Prob. 32ECh. 8 - Which of the following incorrectly shows the bond...Ch. 8 - Indicate the bond polarity (show the partial...Ch. 8 - Predict the type of bond (ionic, covalent, or...Ch. 8 - List all the possible bonds that can occur between...Ch. 8 - Hydrogen has an electronegativity value between...Ch. 8 - Rank the following bonds in order of increasing...Ch. 8 - State whether or not each of the following has a...Ch. 8 - The following electrostatic potential diagrams...Ch. 8 - Prob. 41ECh. 8 - Prob. 42ECh. 8 - Predict the empirical formulas of the ionic...Ch. 8 - Predict the empirical formulas of the ionic...Ch. 8 - Write electron configurations for a. the cations...Ch. 8 - Write electron configurations for a. the cations...Ch. 8 - Which of the following ions have noble gas...Ch. 8 - What noble gas has the same electron configuration...Ch. 8 - Give the formula of a negative ion that would have...Ch. 8 - Prob. 50ECh. 8 - Give three ions that are isoelectronic with neon....Ch. 8 - Consider the ions Sc3+, Cl, K+, Ca2+, and S2....Ch. 8 - Prob. 53ECh. 8 - For each of the following groups, place the atoms...Ch. 8 - Which compound in each of the following pairs of...Ch. 8 - Which compound in each of the following pairs of...Ch. 8 - Use the following data for potassium chloride to...Ch. 8 - Use the following data for magnesium fluoride to...Ch. 8 - Consider the following energy changes: E(kJ/mol)...Ch. 8 - Compare the electron affinity of fluorine to the...Ch. 8 - Prob. 61ECh. 8 - Use the following data (in kJ/mol) to estimate E...Ch. 8 - Rationalize the following lattice energy values:...Ch. 8 - The lattice energies of FeCl3, FeCl2, and Fe2O3...Ch. 8 - Use bond energy values (Table 3-3) to estimate E...Ch. 8 - Use bond energy values (Table 3-3) to estimate E...Ch. 8 - Prob. 67ECh. 8 - Acetic acid is responsible for the sour taste of...Ch. 8 - Use bond energies to predict E for the following...Ch. 8 - The major industrial source of hydrogen gas is by...Ch. 8 - Use bond energies to estimate E for the combustion...Ch. 8 - Prob. 72ECh. 8 - Prob. 73ECh. 8 - Consider the following reaction: A2+B22AB E =...Ch. 8 - Compare your answers from parts a and b of...Ch. 8 - Compare your answers from Exercise 72 to the H...Ch. 8 - The standard enthalpies of formation for S(g),...Ch. 8 - Use the following standard enthalpies of formation...Ch. 8 - The standard enthalpy of formation for N2H2(g) is...Ch. 8 - The standard enthalpy of formation for NO(g) is...Ch. 8 - Write Lewis structures that obey the octet rule...Ch. 8 - Write Lewis structures that obey the octet rule...Ch. 8 - Write Lewis structures that obey the octet rule...Ch. 8 - Write Lewis structures that obey the octet rule...Ch. 8 - One type of exception to the octet rule are...Ch. 8 - Lewis structures can be used to understand why...Ch. 8 - The most common exceptions to the octet rule are...Ch. 8 - Prob. 88ECh. 8 - Write Lewis structures for the following. Show all...Ch. 8 - Prob. 90ECh. 8 - Benzene (C6H6) consists of a six-membered ring of...Ch. 8 - Borazine (B3N3H6) has often been called inorganic...Ch. 8 - An important observation supporting the concept of...Ch. 8 - Consider the following bond lengths: CO143pmC9O123...Ch. 8 - A toxic cloud covered Bhopal, India, in December...Ch. 8 - Peroxyacetyl nitrate, or PAN, is present in...Ch. 8 - Prob. 99ECh. 8 - Use formal charge arguments to explain why CO has...Ch. 8 - Write Lewis structures that obey the octet rule...Ch. 8 - Write Lewis structures for the species in Exercise...Ch. 8 - Oxidation of the cyanide ion produces the stable...Ch. 8 - When molten sulfur reacts with chlorine gas, a...Ch. 8 - Prob. 106ECh. 8 - Prob. 108ECh. 8 - Predict the molecular structure and bond angles...Ch. 8 - Predict die molecular structure and bond angles...Ch. 8 - There are several molecular structures based on...Ch. 8 - Two variations of the octahedral geometry (see...Ch. 8 - Predict the molecular structure (including bond...Ch. 8 - Predict the molecular structure (including bond...Ch. 8 - Predict the molecular structure (including bond...Ch. 8 - Predict the molecular structure (including bond...Ch. 8 - Prob. 117ECh. 8 - Which of the molecules in Exercise 120 have net...Ch. 8 - Which of the molecules in Exercise 121 have net...Ch. 8 - Which of the molecules in Exercise 122 have net...Ch. 8 - Write Lewis structures and predict the molecular...Ch. 8 - Write Lewis structures and predict whether each of...Ch. 8 - Consider the following Lewis structure where E is...Ch. 8 - Consider the following Lewis structure where E is...Ch. 8 - Prob. 125ECh. 8 - Two different compounds have the formula XeF2Cl2....Ch. 8 - Arrange the following in order of increasing...Ch. 8 - For each of the following, write an equation that...Ch. 8 - Use bond energies (table 3-3), values of electron...Ch. 8 - Write Lewis structures for CO32, HCO3, and H2CO3....Ch. 8 - Which member of the following pairs would you...Ch. 8 - What do each of the following sets of...Ch. 8 - Prob. 133AECh. 8 - Although both Br3 and I3 ions are known, the F3...Ch. 8 - Which of the following molecules have not dipole...Ch. 8 - Prob. 137AECh. 8 - Look up the energies for the bonds in CO and N2....Ch. 8 - Classify the bonding in each of the following...Ch. 8 - List the bonds PCl, PF, OF, and SiF from least...Ch. 8 - Arrange the atoms and/or ions in the following...Ch. 8 - Use the following data to estimate E for the...Ch. 8 - Use bond energy values to estimate E for the...Ch. 8 - Which of the following compounds or ions exhibit...Ch. 8 - The formulas of several chemical substances are...Ch. 8 - Predict the molecular structure, bond angles, and...Ch. 8 - Use Coulombs Jaw, V=Q1Q240r=2.311019Jnm(Q1Q2r) to...Ch. 8 - Prob. 148CPCh. 8 - Calculate the standard heat of formation of the...Ch. 8 - Given the following information: Energy of...Ch. 8 - Prob. 151CPCh. 8 - Think of forming an ionic compound as three steps...Ch. 8 - The compound NF3 is quite stable, but NCl3, is...Ch. 8 - Three processes that have been used for the...Ch. 8 - The compound hexaazaisowurtzitane is one of the...Ch. 8 - Many times extra stability is characteristic of a...Ch. 8 - The study of carbon-containing compounds and their...Ch. 8 - Draw a Lewis structure for the N,...Ch. 8 - Prob. 159CPCh. 8 - Consider the following computer-generated model of...Ch. 8 - A compound, XF5, is 42.81% fluorine by mass....Ch. 8 - Identify the following elements based on their...
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- Bond Enthalpy When atoms of the hypothetical element X are placed together, they rapidly undergo reaction to form the X2 molecule: X(g)+X(g)X2(g) a Would you predict that this reaction is exothermic or endothermic? Explain. b Is the bond enthalpy of X2 a positive or a negative quantity? Why? c Suppose H for the reaction is 500 kJ/mol. Estimate the bond enthalpy of the X2 molecule. d Another hypothetical molecular compound, Y2(g), has a bond enthalpy of 750 kJ/mol, and the molecular compound XY(g) has a bond enthalpy of 1500 kJ/mol. Using bond enthalpy information, calculate H for the following reaction. X2(g)+Y2(g)2XY(g) e Given the following information, as well as the information previously presented, predict whether or not the hypothetical ionic compound AX is likely to form. In this compound, A forms the A+ cation, and X forms the X anion. Be sure to justify your answer. Reaction: A(g)+12X2(g)AX(s)The first ionization energy of A(g) is 400 kJ/mol. The electron affinity of X(g) is 525 kJ/mol. The lattice energy of AX(s) is 100 kJ/mol. f If you predicted that no ionic compound would form from the reaction in Part e, what minimum amount of AX(s) lattice energy might lead to compound formation?arrow_forwardUsing the standard enthalpy of formation data in Appendix G, calculate the bond energy of the carbon-sulfur double bond in CS2.arrow_forwardUsing the standard enthalpy of formation data in Appendix G, determine which bond is stronger: the SF bond in SF4(g) or in SF6(g)?arrow_forward
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- The standard enthalpy of formation for NO(g) is 90. kJ/mol. Use this and the values for the O=O and NN bond energies to estimate the bond strength in NO.arrow_forwardn your own words, what is meant by the term electronegativity? What are the trends across and down the periodic table for electronegativity? Explain them, and describe how they are consistent with trends of ionization energy and atomic radii.arrow_forwardUse the References to access important values if needed for this question. Use average bond enthalpies (linked above) to calculate the enthalpy change for the following gas-phase reaction. CH3OH(g) + HI(g) - CH31(g) + H₂O(g) To analyze the reaction, first draw Lewis structures for all reactant and product molecules. • Draw the reaction using separate sketchers for each species. ● Separate multiple reactants and/or products using the + sign from the drop-down arrow. ● Separate reactants from products using the → symbol from the drop-down menu. • Remember to include nonbonding valence electrons in your Lewis structures. ▾ ? ChemDoodle ▼ Sn [F removearrow_forward
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