For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance. Concept Introduction: Electronic effect: Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base. Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 7.9, Problem 13P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

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14.46 Draw a stepwise mechanism for the following reaction. HBr ROOR Br + Br

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14.47 Addition of HCI to alkene X forms two alkyl halides Y and Z. exocyclic C=C X HCI CI Y + CI Z a. Label Y and Z as a 1,2-addition product or a 1,4-addition product. b.Label Y and Z as the kinetic or thermodynamic product and explain why. c. Explain why addition of HCI occurs at the indicated C=C (called an exocyclic double bond), rather than the other C=C (called an endocyclic double bond).

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 7.9, Problem 13P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 7.9, Problem 13P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 7.9, Problem 13P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

Expert Solution & Answer

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Answer 5

Chapter 7.9, Problem 13P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

Answer 6

Chapter 7.9, Problem 13P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

Answer 7

Chapter 7.9, Problem 13P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

Answer 14

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

Answer 15

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

Answer 16

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

Answer 17

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

Answer 18

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 19

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 20

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Answer 21

Ch. 7.4 - Prob. 1P Ch. 7.5 - Prob. 3P Ch. 7.6 - a. Predict the relative bond lengths of the three...Ch. 7.6 - Prob. 5P Ch. 7.6 - Prob. 6P Ch. 7.7 - Prob. 7P Ch. 7.7 - Prob. 8P Ch. 7.7 - Prob. 9P Ch. 7.7 - Prob. 10P Ch. 7.8 - Which member of each pair is the stronger acid? a....

Solution Summary: The author explains that electron donating groups decrease acidity by inductive effect, while ethyl substituents donate electron by hyper conjugation.

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