Concept explainers
Some addition problems are easier to compute with fractions and some are easier to do with decimals. For example,
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- 3. Which of the following mappings are linear transformations? Give a proof (directly using the definition of a linear transformation) or a counterexample in each case. [Recall that Pn(F) is the vector space of all real polynomials p(x) of degree at most n with values in F.] ·(2) = (3n+2) =) · (i) 0 : R³ → R² given by 0 y 3y z ax4 + bx² + c). (ii) : P2(F) → P₁(F) given by (p(x)) = p(x²) (so (ax² + bx + c) = ax4 þarrow_forward2. Let V be a vector space over F, and let U and W be subspaces of V. The sum of U and W, denoted by U + W, is the subset U + W = {u+w: u EU, w Є W}. Prove that U + W is a subspace of V.arrow_forward1. For the following subsets of vector spaces, state whether or not the indicated subset is a subspace. Justify your answers by giving a proof or a counter-example in each case. (i) The subset U = (ii) The subset V = {{ 2a+3b a+b b Є R³ : a, b Є R of the vector space R³. ER3 a+b+c=1 1}. of the vector space R³. = {() = (iii) The set D of matrices of determinant 0, in the vector space M2×2 (R) of all real 2×2 matrices. (iv) The set G of all polynomials p(x) with p(1) = p(0), in the vector space P3 of polynomials of degree at most 3 with coefficients in R. (v) The set Z of all sequences which are eventually zero, Z = {v = (vo, v1, v2,...) E F∞ there is n such that v; = 0 for all i ≥ n}, in the vector space F∞ of infinite sequences v = (vo, V1, V2, ...) with v¿ Є F (F any field).arrow_forward
- 4. For each of the following subspaces, find a basis, and state the dimension. (i) The subspace U = a 2b {(22) a+3b : a,bЄR of R³. (ii) The subspace W = x א > א (@ 3 ע 1 C4x + y + z = 0 and y − iz + w = 0 of C4.arrow_forward5. Given a subset {V1, V2, V3} of a vector space V over the field F, where F is a field with 1+1 ±0, show that {V1, V2, V3} is linearly independent if and only if {v1+V2, V2 + V3, V1 +V3} is linearly independent. [Note: V is an arbitrary vector space, not necessarily R" or Fn, so you cannot use the method of writing the vectors as the rows of a matrix.]arrow_forwardFind the flux F(x, y, z) = xi + 2yj +4zk, S is the cube with vertices (1, 1, 1), (-1, -1, -1)arrow_forward
- How does probability help businesses make informed decisions under uncertainty? Provide an example of how businesses use probability in marketing to predict customer behavior. Why is probability considered essential in financial decision-making, particularly in portfolio management? Discuss how the use of probability in inventory management can improve customer satisfaction. Compare the role of probability in marketing and financial decision-making. How do the applications differ in their objectives?arrow_forwardThe general solution of the linear system X' = AX is given. -6 ^ - (-3 %). A -5 4 -t ()()()] x(t) = c₁ 1 -t e + te + 1 e (a) In this case discuss the nature of the solutions in a neighborhood of (0, 0). All solutions spiral toward (0, 0). O All solutions become unbounded and y = x serves as the asymptote. O All solutions approach (0, 0) from the direction specified by y = x. If X(0) = X lies on the line x = 0, then X(t) approaches (0, 0) along this line. Otherwise x(t) approaches (0, 0) from the direction determined by y = x. If X(0) = X lies on the line y = x, then X(t) approaches (0, 0) along this line. Otherwise x(t) approaches (0, 0) from the direction determined by x = 0. (b) With the aid of a calculator or a CAS graph the solution that satisfies X(0) = (1, 1). 1.5 y -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 (1, 1) 1.0 0.5 -0.5 -1.0 -1.5 y 1.5 1.0 0.5 y 1.5 (1, 1) 1.0 0.5 X 0.5 1.0 1.5 -1.5 -1.0 -0,5 -0.5 -1.0 -1.5 y 1.5 EX 0.5 1.0 1.5 1.0 (1, 1) 0.5 X -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.5 1.0 1.5 -0.5 -0.5…arrow_forward03: Let V = H(n), n≤ R, a(u,v) = (f, v) a(u,v) = Vu. Vv dx, and (f,v) = (a) Show that the finite element solution un unique. (b) Prove that || ≤ch ||||2 الكاملا (c) Given the triangulation of figure, determine the basis function and compute the integrals: So 4 dx, Sox where a (u,v) >, & ill 2 fvdx, v .V, dx. (0,1) V. V dx., SV. Vz dx. (0,0) (1,0)arrow_forward
- The general solution of the linear system X' = AX is given. A = = (³ -2). x(t) = c₁ c₁(1) et. et + c₂ e-t 3 3 (a) In this case discuss the nature of the solution in a neighborhood of (0, 0). O All solutions become unbounded and y = 3x serves as the asymptote. O All solutions become unbounded and y = x serves as the asymptote. If X(0) = X lies on the line y = x, then x(t) approaches (0, 0) along this line. Otherwise X(t) becomes unbounded and y = 3x serves as an asymptote. If X(0) = X lies on the line y = 3x, then x(t) approaches (0, 0) along this line. Otherwise x(t) becomes unbounded and y = x serves as an asymptote. O All solutions spiral toward (0, 0). (b) With the aid of a calculator or a CAS, graph the solution that satisfies X(0) = (1, 1). 2 1 (1, 1) x -2 -1 1 2 4 -2 2 1 (1, 1) 4 2 -2 (1, 1) 2 x 4 -4 i 2 (1, 1) 1 x 1 2 2 1 1 2 xarrow_forwardB-Solve the D.E of the following: 1- y+3y+2fy dt = f(t) for y(0)-1 if f(t) is the function whose graph is shown below 2- y" +4y = u(t) for y(0)-y'(0)-0 3- y"+4y+13y=e-2t sin3t 1 2 for y(0)-1 and y'(0)=-2arrow_forwardNo Chatgpt please Chatgpt means downvotearrow_forward
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