The systematic name of the given compound should be identified. Concept Introduction: IUPAC NOMENCLATURE RULES: The first step is to find out the parent chain of the hydrocarbon. Parent chain should contain maximum number of multiple bonds, maximum number of substituents of the functional group which is used as main suffix. Other functional group, if any, should be identified and name it as prefix. Numbering should be done in such a way that to get the lowest number for suffix functional group, multiple bonds. The punctuation used to separate numbers is commas and hyphen is used to separate a number and alphabet. If the ‘ane’ ending of the alkane is replaced by ‘yne’ ending, the name of alkyne is obtained. Select the longest chain which contain the triple bond in such a way to get lowest value for the functional group. Two types of alkynes will be there according to the position of triple bond. Terminal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond at the end of the chain and internal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond not at the end but present in any other positions in the chain. When the counting is done from either sides of triple bond in a compound which contain same number for the functional group suffix, the correct name will be the one which have lowest substituent number. In the case of more than one substituent, alphabetical order should be followed.

Question

Want to see the full answer?

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 7.2, Problem 6P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The systematic name of the given compound should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

IUPAC NOMENCLATURE RULES:

The first step is to find out the parent chain of the hydrocarbon. Parent chain should contain maximum number of multiple bonds, maximum number of substituents of the functional group which is used as main suffix.

Other functional group, if any, should be identified and name it as prefix.

Numbering should be done in such a way that to get the lowest number for suffix functional group, multiple bonds.

The punctuation used to separate numbers is commas and hyphen is used to separate a number and alphabet.

If the ‘ane’ ending of the alkane is replaced by ‘yne’ ending, the name of alkyne is obtained.

Select the longest chain which contain the triple bond in such a way to get lowest value for the functional group.

Two types of alkynes will be there according to the position of triple bond. Terminal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond at the end of the chain and internal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond not at the end but present in any other positions in the chain.

When the counting is done from either sides of triple bond in a compound which contain same number for the functional group suffix, the correct name will be the one which have lowest substituent number. In the case of more than one substituent, alphabetical order should be followed.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The systematic name of the given compound should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

IUPAC NOMENCLATURE RULES:

The first step is to find out the parent chain of the hydrocarbon. Parent chain should contain maximum number of multiple bonds, maximum number of substituents of the functional group which is used as main suffix.

Other functional group, if any, should be identified and name it as prefix.

Numbering should be done in such a way that to get the lowest number for suffix functional group, multiple bonds.

The punctuation used to separate numbers is commas and hyphen is used to separate a number and alphabet.

If the ‘ane’ ending of the alkane is replaced by ‘yne’ ending, the name of alkyne is obtained.

Select the longest chain which contain the triple bond in such a way to get lowest value for the functional group.

Two types of alkynes will be there according to the position of triple bond. Terminal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond at the end of the chain and internal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond not at the end but present in any other positions in the chain.

When the counting is done from either sides of triple bond in a compound which contain same number for the functional group suffix, the correct name will be the one which have lowest substituent number. In the case of more than one substituent, alphabetical order should be followed.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The systematic name of the given compound should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

IUPAC NOMENCLATURE RULES:

The first step is to find out the parent chain of the hydrocarbon. Parent chain should contain maximum number of multiple bonds, maximum number of substituents of the functional group which is used as main suffix.

Other functional group, if any, should be identified and name it as prefix.

Numbering should be done in such a way that to get the lowest number for suffix functional group, multiple bonds.

The punctuation used to separate numbers is commas and hyphen is used to separate a number and alphabet.

If the ‘ane’ ending of the alkane is replaced by ‘yne’ ending, the name of alkyne is obtained.

Select the longest chain which contain the triple bond in such a way to get lowest value for the functional group.

Two types of alkynes will be there according to the position of triple bond. Terminal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond at the end of the chain and internal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond not at the end but present in any other positions in the chain.

When the counting is done from either sides of triple bond in a compound which contain same number for the functional group suffix, the correct name will be the one which have lowest substituent number. In the case of more than one substituent, alphabetical order should be followed.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The systematic name of the given compound should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

IUPAC NOMENCLATURE RULES:

The first step is to find out the parent chain of the hydrocarbon. Parent chain should contain maximum number of multiple bonds, maximum number of substituents of the functional group which is used as main suffix.

Other functional group, if any, should be identified and name it as prefix.

Numbering should be done in such a way that to get the lowest number for suffix functional group, multiple bonds.

The punctuation used to separate numbers is commas and hyphen is used to separate a number and alphabet.

If the ‘ane’ ending of the alkane is replaced by ‘yne’ ending, the name of alkyne is obtained.

Select the longest chain which contain the triple bond in such a way to get lowest value for the functional group.

Two types of alkynes will be there according to the position of triple bond. Terminal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond at the end of the chain and internal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond not at the end but present in any other positions in the chain.

When the counting is done from either sides of triple bond in a compound which contain same number for the functional group suffix, the correct name will be the one which have lowest substituent number. In the case of more than one substituent, alphabetical order should be followed.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The systematic name of the given compound should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

IUPAC NOMENCLATURE RULES:

The first step is to find out the parent chain of the hydrocarbon. Parent chain should contain maximum number of multiple bonds, maximum number of substituents of the functional group which is used as main suffix.

Other functional group, if any, should be identified and name it as prefix.

Numbering should be done in such a way that to get the lowest number for suffix functional group, multiple bonds.

The punctuation used to separate numbers is commas and hyphen is used to separate a number and alphabet.

If the ‘ane’ ending of the alkane is replaced by ‘yne’ ending, the name of alkyne is obtained.

Select the longest chain which contain the triple bond in such a way to get lowest value for the functional group.

Two types of alkynes will be there according to the position of triple bond. Terminal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond at the end of the chain and internal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond not at the end but present in any other positions in the chain.

When the counting is done from either sides of triple bond in a compound which contain same number for the functional group suffix, the correct name will be the one which have lowest substituent number. In the case of more than one substituent, alphabetical order should be followed.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The systematic name of the given compound should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

IUPAC NOMENCLATURE RULES:

The first step is to find out the parent chain of the hydrocarbon. Parent chain should contain maximum number of multiple bonds, maximum number of substituents of the functional group which is used as main suffix.

Other functional group, if any, should be identified and name it as prefix.

Numbering should be done in such a way that to get the lowest number for suffix functional group, multiple bonds.

The punctuation used to separate numbers is commas and hyphen is used to separate a number and alphabet.

If the ‘ane’ ending of the alkane is replaced by ‘yne’ ending, the name of alkyne is obtained.

Select the longest chain which contain the triple bond in such a way to get lowest value for the functional group.

Two types of alkynes will be there according to the position of triple bond. Terminal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond at the end of the chain and internal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond not at the end but present in any other positions in the chain.

When the counting is done from either sides of triple bond in a compound which contain same number for the functional group suffix, the correct name will be the one which have lowest substituent number. In the case of more than one substituent, alphabetical order should be followed.

Expert Solution & Answer

Want to see the full answer?

Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Students have asked these similar questions

10- 4000 20 20 30- %Reflectance 60 50- 09 60- 40- Date: Thu Feb 06 17:30:02 2025 (GMT-05:0(UnknownP Scans: 8 Resolution: 2.000 70 70 88 80 3500 3000 2500 90 100 00 Wavenumbers (cm-1) 2000 1500 2983.10 2359.13 1602.52 1584.22 1451.19 1391.87 1367.07 1314.37 1174.34 1070.13 1027.33 1714.16 1269.47 1000 1106.08 1001.14 937.02 873.60 850.20 780.22 686.91 674.38 643.09 617.98 02/06/25 16:38:20

d. Draw arrow-pushing mechanism for an enzymatic retro-aldol reaction of the following hexose. Use B: and/or HA as needed. OH OH سية HO OH OH

4. Calculate the wavelength of a photon needed to excite a transition between neighbouring energy levels of a harmonic oscillator of effective mass equal to that of an oxygen atom and with a force constant of 544 N m¹.

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 7.2, Problem 6P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The systematic name of the given compound should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

IUPAC NOMENCLATURE RULES:

The first step is to find out the parent chain of the hydrocarbon. Parent chain should contain maximum number of multiple bonds, maximum number of substituents of the functional group which is used as main suffix.

Other functional group, if any, should be identified and name it as prefix.

Numbering should be done in such a way that to get the lowest number for suffix functional group, multiple bonds.

The punctuation used to separate numbers is commas and hyphen is used to separate a number and alphabet.

If the ‘ane’ ending of the alkane is replaced by ‘yne’ ending, the name of alkyne is obtained.

Select the longest chain which contain the triple bond in such a way to get lowest value for the functional group.

Two types of alkynes will be there according to the position of triple bond. Terminal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond at the end of the chain and internal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond not at the end but present in any other positions in the chain.

When the counting is done from either sides of triple bond in a compound which contain same number for the functional group suffix, the correct name will be the one which have lowest substituent number. In the case of more than one substituent, alphabetical order should be followed.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The systematic name of the given compound should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

IUPAC NOMENCLATURE RULES:

The first step is to find out the parent chain of the hydrocarbon. Parent chain should contain maximum number of multiple bonds, maximum number of substituents of the functional group which is used as main suffix.

Other functional group, if any, should be identified and name it as prefix.

Numbering should be done in such a way that to get the lowest number for suffix functional group, multiple bonds.

The punctuation used to separate numbers is commas and hyphen is used to separate a number and alphabet.

If the ‘ane’ ending of the alkane is replaced by ‘yne’ ending, the name of alkyne is obtained.

Select the longest chain which contain the triple bond in such a way to get lowest value for the functional group.

Two types of alkynes will be there according to the position of triple bond. Terminal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond at the end of the chain and internal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond not at the end but present in any other positions in the chain.

When the counting is done from either sides of triple bond in a compound which contain same number for the functional group suffix, the correct name will be the one which have lowest substituent number. In the case of more than one substituent, alphabetical order should be followed.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The systematic name of the given compound should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

IUPAC NOMENCLATURE RULES:

The first step is to find out the parent chain of the hydrocarbon. Parent chain should contain maximum number of multiple bonds, maximum number of substituents of the functional group which is used as main suffix.

Other functional group, if any, should be identified and name it as prefix.

Numbering should be done in such a way that to get the lowest number for suffix functional group, multiple bonds.

The punctuation used to separate numbers is commas and hyphen is used to separate a number and alphabet.

If the ‘ane’ ending of the alkane is replaced by ‘yne’ ending, the name of alkyne is obtained.

Select the longest chain which contain the triple bond in such a way to get lowest value for the functional group.

Two types of alkynes will be there according to the position of triple bond. Terminal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond at the end of the chain and internal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond not at the end but present in any other positions in the chain.

When the counting is done from either sides of triple bond in a compound which contain same number for the functional group suffix, the correct name will be the one which have lowest substituent number. In the case of more than one substituent, alphabetical order should be followed.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The systematic name of the given compound should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

IUPAC NOMENCLATURE RULES:

The first step is to find out the parent chain of the hydrocarbon. Parent chain should contain maximum number of multiple bonds, maximum number of substituents of the functional group which is used as main suffix.

Other functional group, if any, should be identified and name it as prefix.

Numbering should be done in such a way that to get the lowest number for suffix functional group, multiple bonds.

The punctuation used to separate numbers is commas and hyphen is used to separate a number and alphabet.

If the ‘ane’ ending of the alkane is replaced by ‘yne’ ending, the name of alkyne is obtained.

Select the longest chain which contain the triple bond in such a way to get lowest value for the functional group.

Two types of alkynes will be there according to the position of triple bond. Terminal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond at the end of the chain and internal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond not at the end but present in any other positions in the chain.

When the counting is done from either sides of triple bond in a compound which contain same number for the functional group suffix, the correct name will be the one which have lowest substituent number. In the case of more than one substituent, alphabetical order should be followed.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The systematic name of the given compound should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

IUPAC NOMENCLATURE RULES:

The first step is to find out the parent chain of the hydrocarbon. Parent chain should contain maximum number of multiple bonds, maximum number of substituents of the functional group which is used as main suffix.

Other functional group, if any, should be identified and name it as prefix.

Numbering should be done in such a way that to get the lowest number for suffix functional group, multiple bonds.

The punctuation used to separate numbers is commas and hyphen is used to separate a number and alphabet.

If the ‘ane’ ending of the alkane is replaced by ‘yne’ ending, the name of alkyne is obtained.

Select the longest chain which contain the triple bond in such a way to get lowest value for the functional group.

Two types of alkynes will be there according to the position of triple bond. Terminal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond at the end of the chain and internal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond not at the end but present in any other positions in the chain.

When the counting is done from either sides of triple bond in a compound which contain same number for the functional group suffix, the correct name will be the one which have lowest substituent number. In the case of more than one substituent, alphabetical order should be followed.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The systematic name of the given compound should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

IUPAC NOMENCLATURE RULES:

The first step is to find out the parent chain of the hydrocarbon. Parent chain should contain maximum number of multiple bonds, maximum number of substituents of the functional group which is used as main suffix.

Other functional group, if any, should be identified and name it as prefix.

Numbering should be done in such a way that to get the lowest number for suffix functional group, multiple bonds.

The punctuation used to separate numbers is commas and hyphen is used to separate a number and alphabet.

If the ‘ane’ ending of the alkane is replaced by ‘yne’ ending, the name of alkyne is obtained.

Select the longest chain which contain the triple bond in such a way to get lowest value for the functional group.

Two types of alkynes will be there according to the position of triple bond. Terminal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond at the end of the chain and internal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond not at the end but present in any other positions in the chain.

When the counting is done from either sides of triple bond in a compound which contain same number for the functional group suffix, the correct name will be the one which have lowest substituent number. In the case of more than one substituent, alphabetical order should be followed.

Expert Solution & Answer

Want to see the full answer?

Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 3

Question

Chapter 7.2, Problem 6P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The systematic name of the given compound should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

IUPAC NOMENCLATURE RULES:

The first step is to find out the parent chain of the hydrocarbon. Parent chain should contain maximum number of multiple bonds, maximum number of substituents of the functional group which is used as main suffix.

Other functional group, if any, should be identified and name it as prefix.

Numbering should be done in such a way that to get the lowest number for suffix functional group, multiple bonds.

The punctuation used to separate numbers is commas and hyphen is used to separate a number and alphabet.

If the ‘ane’ ending of the alkane is replaced by ‘yne’ ending, the name of alkyne is obtained.

Select the longest chain which contain the triple bond in such a way to get lowest value for the functional group.

Two types of alkynes will be there according to the position of triple bond. Terminal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond at the end of the chain and internal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond not at the end but present in any other positions in the chain.

When the counting is done from either sides of triple bond in a compound which contain same number for the functional group suffix, the correct name will be the one which have lowest substituent number. In the case of more than one substituent, alphabetical order should be followed.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The systematic name of the given compound should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

IUPAC NOMENCLATURE RULES:

The first step is to find out the parent chain of the hydrocarbon. Parent chain should contain maximum number of multiple bonds, maximum number of substituents of the functional group which is used as main suffix.

Other functional group, if any, should be identified and name it as prefix.

Numbering should be done in such a way that to get the lowest number for suffix functional group, multiple bonds.

The punctuation used to separate numbers is commas and hyphen is used to separate a number and alphabet.

If the ‘ane’ ending of the alkane is replaced by ‘yne’ ending, the name of alkyne is obtained.

Select the longest chain which contain the triple bond in such a way to get lowest value for the functional group.

Two types of alkynes will be there according to the position of triple bond. Terminal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond at the end of the chain and internal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond not at the end but present in any other positions in the chain.

When the counting is done from either sides of triple bond in a compound which contain same number for the functional group suffix, the correct name will be the one which have lowest substituent number. In the case of more than one substituent, alphabetical order should be followed.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The systematic name of the given compound should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

IUPAC NOMENCLATURE RULES:

The first step is to find out the parent chain of the hydrocarbon. Parent chain should contain maximum number of multiple bonds, maximum number of substituents of the functional group which is used as main suffix.

Other functional group, if any, should be identified and name it as prefix.

Numbering should be done in such a way that to get the lowest number for suffix functional group, multiple bonds.

The punctuation used to separate numbers is commas and hyphen is used to separate a number and alphabet.

If the ‘ane’ ending of the alkane is replaced by ‘yne’ ending, the name of alkyne is obtained.

Select the longest chain which contain the triple bond in such a way to get lowest value for the functional group.

Two types of alkynes will be there according to the position of triple bond. Terminal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond at the end of the chain and internal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond not at the end but present in any other positions in the chain.

When the counting is done from either sides of triple bond in a compound which contain same number for the functional group suffix, the correct name will be the one which have lowest substituent number. In the case of more than one substituent, alphabetical order should be followed.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The systematic name of the given compound should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

IUPAC NOMENCLATURE RULES:

The first step is to find out the parent chain of the hydrocarbon. Parent chain should contain maximum number of multiple bonds, maximum number of substituents of the functional group which is used as main suffix.

Other functional group, if any, should be identified and name it as prefix.

Numbering should be done in such a way that to get the lowest number for suffix functional group, multiple bonds.

The punctuation used to separate numbers is commas and hyphen is used to separate a number and alphabet.

If the ‘ane’ ending of the alkane is replaced by ‘yne’ ending, the name of alkyne is obtained.

Select the longest chain which contain the triple bond in such a way to get lowest value for the functional group.

Two types of alkynes will be there according to the position of triple bond. Terminal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond at the end of the chain and internal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond not at the end but present in any other positions in the chain.

When the counting is done from either sides of triple bond in a compound which contain same number for the functional group suffix, the correct name will be the one which have lowest substituent number. In the case of more than one substituent, alphabetical order should be followed.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The systematic name of the given compound should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

IUPAC NOMENCLATURE RULES:

The first step is to find out the parent chain of the hydrocarbon. Parent chain should contain maximum number of multiple bonds, maximum number of substituents of the functional group which is used as main suffix.

Other functional group, if any, should be identified and name it as prefix.

Numbering should be done in such a way that to get the lowest number for suffix functional group, multiple bonds.

The punctuation used to separate numbers is commas and hyphen is used to separate a number and alphabet.

If the ‘ane’ ending of the alkane is replaced by ‘yne’ ending, the name of alkyne is obtained.

Select the longest chain which contain the triple bond in such a way to get lowest value for the functional group.

Two types of alkynes will be there according to the position of triple bond. Terminal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond at the end of the chain and internal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond not at the end but present in any other positions in the chain.

When the counting is done from either sides of triple bond in a compound which contain same number for the functional group suffix, the correct name will be the one which have lowest substituent number. In the case of more than one substituent, alphabetical order should be followed.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The systematic name of the given compound should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

IUPAC NOMENCLATURE RULES:

The first step is to find out the parent chain of the hydrocarbon. Parent chain should contain maximum number of multiple bonds, maximum number of substituents of the functional group which is used as main suffix.

Other functional group, if any, should be identified and name it as prefix.

Numbering should be done in such a way that to get the lowest number for suffix functional group, multiple bonds.

The punctuation used to separate numbers is commas and hyphen is used to separate a number and alphabet.

If the ‘ane’ ending of the alkane is replaced by ‘yne’ ending, the name of alkyne is obtained.

Select the longest chain which contain the triple bond in such a way to get lowest value for the functional group.

Two types of alkynes will be there according to the position of triple bond. Terminal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond at the end of the chain and internal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond not at the end but present in any other positions in the chain.

When the counting is done from either sides of triple bond in a compound which contain same number for the functional group suffix, the correct name will be the one which have lowest substituent number. In the case of more than one substituent, alphabetical order should be followed.

Expert Solution & Answer

Want to see the full answer?

Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 4

Question

Chapter 7.2, Problem 6P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The systematic name of the given compound should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

IUPAC NOMENCLATURE RULES:

The first step is to find out the parent chain of the hydrocarbon. Parent chain should contain maximum number of multiple bonds, maximum number of substituents of the functional group which is used as main suffix.

Other functional group, if any, should be identified and name it as prefix.

Numbering should be done in such a way that to get the lowest number for suffix functional group, multiple bonds.

The punctuation used to separate numbers is commas and hyphen is used to separate a number and alphabet.

If the ‘ane’ ending of the alkane is replaced by ‘yne’ ending, the name of alkyne is obtained.

Select the longest chain which contain the triple bond in such a way to get lowest value for the functional group.

Two types of alkynes will be there according to the position of triple bond. Terminal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond at the end of the chain and internal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond not at the end but present in any other positions in the chain.

When the counting is done from either sides of triple bond in a compound which contain same number for the functional group suffix, the correct name will be the one which have lowest substituent number. In the case of more than one substituent, alphabetical order should be followed.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The systematic name of the given compound should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

IUPAC NOMENCLATURE RULES:

The first step is to find out the parent chain of the hydrocarbon. Parent chain should contain maximum number of multiple bonds, maximum number of substituents of the functional group which is used as main suffix.

Other functional group, if any, should be identified and name it as prefix.

Numbering should be done in such a way that to get the lowest number for suffix functional group, multiple bonds.

The punctuation used to separate numbers is commas and hyphen is used to separate a number and alphabet.

If the ‘ane’ ending of the alkane is replaced by ‘yne’ ending, the name of alkyne is obtained.

Select the longest chain which contain the triple bond in such a way to get lowest value for the functional group.

Two types of alkynes will be there according to the position of triple bond. Terminal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond at the end of the chain and internal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond not at the end but present in any other positions in the chain.

When the counting is done from either sides of triple bond in a compound which contain same number for the functional group suffix, the correct name will be the one which have lowest substituent number. In the case of more than one substituent, alphabetical order should be followed.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The systematic name of the given compound should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

IUPAC NOMENCLATURE RULES:

The first step is to find out the parent chain of the hydrocarbon. Parent chain should contain maximum number of multiple bonds, maximum number of substituents of the functional group which is used as main suffix.

Other functional group, if any, should be identified and name it as prefix.

Numbering should be done in such a way that to get the lowest number for suffix functional group, multiple bonds.

The punctuation used to separate numbers is commas and hyphen is used to separate a number and alphabet.

If the ‘ane’ ending of the alkane is replaced by ‘yne’ ending, the name of alkyne is obtained.

Select the longest chain which contain the triple bond in such a way to get lowest value for the functional group.

Two types of alkynes will be there according to the position of triple bond. Terminal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond at the end of the chain and internal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond not at the end but present in any other positions in the chain.

When the counting is done from either sides of triple bond in a compound which contain same number for the functional group suffix, the correct name will be the one which have lowest substituent number. In the case of more than one substituent, alphabetical order should be followed.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The systematic name of the given compound should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

IUPAC NOMENCLATURE RULES:

The first step is to find out the parent chain of the hydrocarbon. Parent chain should contain maximum number of multiple bonds, maximum number of substituents of the functional group which is used as main suffix.

Other functional group, if any, should be identified and name it as prefix.

Numbering should be done in such a way that to get the lowest number for suffix functional group, multiple bonds.

The punctuation used to separate numbers is commas and hyphen is used to separate a number and alphabet.

If the ‘ane’ ending of the alkane is replaced by ‘yne’ ending, the name of alkyne is obtained.

Select the longest chain which contain the triple bond in such a way to get lowest value for the functional group.

Two types of alkynes will be there according to the position of triple bond. Terminal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond at the end of the chain and internal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond not at the end but present in any other positions in the chain.

When the counting is done from either sides of triple bond in a compound which contain same number for the functional group suffix, the correct name will be the one which have lowest substituent number. In the case of more than one substituent, alphabetical order should be followed.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The systematic name of the given compound should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

IUPAC NOMENCLATURE RULES:

The first step is to find out the parent chain of the hydrocarbon. Parent chain should contain maximum number of multiple bonds, maximum number of substituents of the functional group which is used as main suffix.

Other functional group, if any, should be identified and name it as prefix.

Numbering should be done in such a way that to get the lowest number for suffix functional group, multiple bonds.

The punctuation used to separate numbers is commas and hyphen is used to separate a number and alphabet.

If the ‘ane’ ending of the alkane is replaced by ‘yne’ ending, the name of alkyne is obtained.

Select the longest chain which contain the triple bond in such a way to get lowest value for the functional group.

Two types of alkynes will be there according to the position of triple bond. Terminal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond at the end of the chain and internal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond not at the end but present in any other positions in the chain.

When the counting is done from either sides of triple bond in a compound which contain same number for the functional group suffix, the correct name will be the one which have lowest substituent number. In the case of more than one substituent, alphabetical order should be followed.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The systematic name of the given compound should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

IUPAC NOMENCLATURE RULES:

The first step is to find out the parent chain of the hydrocarbon. Parent chain should contain maximum number of multiple bonds, maximum number of substituents of the functional group which is used as main suffix.

Other functional group, if any, should be identified and name it as prefix.

Numbering should be done in such a way that to get the lowest number for suffix functional group, multiple bonds.

The punctuation used to separate numbers is commas and hyphen is used to separate a number and alphabet.

If the ‘ane’ ending of the alkane is replaced by ‘yne’ ending, the name of alkyne is obtained.

Select the longest chain which contain the triple bond in such a way to get lowest value for the functional group.

Two types of alkynes will be there according to the position of triple bond. Terminal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond at the end of the chain and internal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond not at the end but present in any other positions in the chain.

When the counting is done from either sides of triple bond in a compound which contain same number for the functional group suffix, the correct name will be the one which have lowest substituent number. In the case of more than one substituent, alphabetical order should be followed.

Expert Solution & Answer

Want to see the full answer?

Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 5

Chapter 7.2, Problem 6P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The systematic name of the given compound should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

IUPAC NOMENCLATURE RULES:

The first step is to find out the parent chain of the hydrocarbon. Parent chain should contain maximum number of multiple bonds, maximum number of substituents of the functional group which is used as main suffix.

Other functional group, if any, should be identified and name it as prefix.

Numbering should be done in such a way that to get the lowest number for suffix functional group, multiple bonds.

The punctuation used to separate numbers is commas and hyphen is used to separate a number and alphabet.

If the ‘ane’ ending of the alkane is replaced by ‘yne’ ending, the name of alkyne is obtained.

Select the longest chain which contain the triple bond in such a way to get lowest value for the functional group.

Two types of alkynes will be there according to the position of triple bond. Terminal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond at the end of the chain and internal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond not at the end but present in any other positions in the chain.

When the counting is done from either sides of triple bond in a compound which contain same number for the functional group suffix, the correct name will be the one which have lowest substituent number. In the case of more than one substituent, alphabetical order should be followed.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The systematic name of the given compound should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

IUPAC NOMENCLATURE RULES:

The first step is to find out the parent chain of the hydrocarbon. Parent chain should contain maximum number of multiple bonds, maximum number of substituents of the functional group which is used as main suffix.

Other functional group, if any, should be identified and name it as prefix.

Numbering should be done in such a way that to get the lowest number for suffix functional group, multiple bonds.

The punctuation used to separate numbers is commas and hyphen is used to separate a number and alphabet.

If the ‘ane’ ending of the alkane is replaced by ‘yne’ ending, the name of alkyne is obtained.

Select the longest chain which contain the triple bond in such a way to get lowest value for the functional group.

Two types of alkynes will be there according to the position of triple bond. Terminal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond at the end of the chain and internal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond not at the end but present in any other positions in the chain.

When the counting is done from either sides of triple bond in a compound which contain same number for the functional group suffix, the correct name will be the one which have lowest substituent number. In the case of more than one substituent, alphabetical order should be followed.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The systematic name of the given compound should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

IUPAC NOMENCLATURE RULES:

The first step is to find out the parent chain of the hydrocarbon. Parent chain should contain maximum number of multiple bonds, maximum number of substituents of the functional group which is used as main suffix.

Other functional group, if any, should be identified and name it as prefix.

Numbering should be done in such a way that to get the lowest number for suffix functional group, multiple bonds.

The punctuation used to separate numbers is commas and hyphen is used to separate a number and alphabet.

If the ‘ane’ ending of the alkane is replaced by ‘yne’ ending, the name of alkyne is obtained.

Select the longest chain which contain the triple bond in such a way to get lowest value for the functional group.

Two types of alkynes will be there according to the position of triple bond. Terminal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond at the end of the chain and internal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond not at the end but present in any other positions in the chain.

When the counting is done from either sides of triple bond in a compound which contain same number for the functional group suffix, the correct name will be the one which have lowest substituent number. In the case of more than one substituent, alphabetical order should be followed.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The systematic name of the given compound should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

IUPAC NOMENCLATURE RULES:

The first step is to find out the parent chain of the hydrocarbon. Parent chain should contain maximum number of multiple bonds, maximum number of substituents of the functional group which is used as main suffix.

Other functional group, if any, should be identified and name it as prefix.

Numbering should be done in such a way that to get the lowest number for suffix functional group, multiple bonds.

The punctuation used to separate numbers is commas and hyphen is used to separate a number and alphabet.

If the ‘ane’ ending of the alkane is replaced by ‘yne’ ending, the name of alkyne is obtained.

Select the longest chain which contain the triple bond in such a way to get lowest value for the functional group.

Two types of alkynes will be there according to the position of triple bond. Terminal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond at the end of the chain and internal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond not at the end but present in any other positions in the chain.

When the counting is done from either sides of triple bond in a compound which contain same number for the functional group suffix, the correct name will be the one which have lowest substituent number. In the case of more than one substituent, alphabetical order should be followed.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The systematic name of the given compound should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

IUPAC NOMENCLATURE RULES:

The first step is to find out the parent chain of the hydrocarbon. Parent chain should contain maximum number of multiple bonds, maximum number of substituents of the functional group which is used as main suffix.

Other functional group, if any, should be identified and name it as prefix.

Numbering should be done in such a way that to get the lowest number for suffix functional group, multiple bonds.

The punctuation used to separate numbers is commas and hyphen is used to separate a number and alphabet.

If the ‘ane’ ending of the alkane is replaced by ‘yne’ ending, the name of alkyne is obtained.

Select the longest chain which contain the triple bond in such a way to get lowest value for the functional group.

Two types of alkynes will be there according to the position of triple bond. Terminal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond at the end of the chain and internal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond not at the end but present in any other positions in the chain.

When the counting is done from either sides of triple bond in a compound which contain same number for the functional group suffix, the correct name will be the one which have lowest substituent number. In the case of more than one substituent, alphabetical order should be followed.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The systematic name of the given compound should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

IUPAC NOMENCLATURE RULES:

The first step is to find out the parent chain of the hydrocarbon. Parent chain should contain maximum number of multiple bonds, maximum number of substituents of the functional group which is used as main suffix.

Other functional group, if any, should be identified and name it as prefix.

Numbering should be done in such a way that to get the lowest number for suffix functional group, multiple bonds.

The punctuation used to separate numbers is commas and hyphen is used to separate a number and alphabet.

If the ‘ane’ ending of the alkane is replaced by ‘yne’ ending, the name of alkyne is obtained.

Select the longest chain which contain the triple bond in such a way to get lowest value for the functional group.

Two types of alkynes will be there according to the position of triple bond. Terminal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond at the end of the chain and internal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond not at the end but present in any other positions in the chain.

When the counting is done from either sides of triple bond in a compound which contain same number for the functional group suffix, the correct name will be the one which have lowest substituent number. In the case of more than one substituent, alphabetical order should be followed.

Answer 6

Chapter 7.2, Problem 6P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The systematic name of the given compound should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

IUPAC NOMENCLATURE RULES:

The first step is to find out the parent chain of the hydrocarbon. Parent chain should contain maximum number of multiple bonds, maximum number of substituents of the functional group which is used as main suffix.

Other functional group, if any, should be identified and name it as prefix.

Numbering should be done in such a way that to get the lowest number for suffix functional group, multiple bonds.

The punctuation used to separate numbers is commas and hyphen is used to separate a number and alphabet.

If the ‘ane’ ending of the alkane is replaced by ‘yne’ ending, the name of alkyne is obtained.

Select the longest chain which contain the triple bond in such a way to get lowest value for the functional group.

Two types of alkynes will be there according to the position of triple bond. Terminal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond at the end of the chain and internal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond not at the end but present in any other positions in the chain.

When the counting is done from either sides of triple bond in a compound which contain same number for the functional group suffix, the correct name will be the one which have lowest substituent number. In the case of more than one substituent, alphabetical order should be followed.

Answer 7

Chapter 7.2, Problem 6P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The systematic name of the given compound should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

IUPAC NOMENCLATURE RULES:

The first step is to find out the parent chain of the hydrocarbon. Parent chain should contain maximum number of multiple bonds, maximum number of substituents of the functional group which is used as main suffix.

Other functional group, if any, should be identified and name it as prefix.

Numbering should be done in such a way that to get the lowest number for suffix functional group, multiple bonds.

The punctuation used to separate numbers is commas and hyphen is used to separate a number and alphabet.

If the ‘ane’ ending of the alkane is replaced by ‘yne’ ending, the name of alkyne is obtained.

Select the longest chain which contain the triple bond in such a way to get lowest value for the functional group.

Two types of alkynes will be there according to the position of triple bond. Terminal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond at the end of the chain and internal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond not at the end but present in any other positions in the chain.

When the counting is done from either sides of triple bond in a compound which contain same number for the functional group suffix, the correct name will be the one which have lowest substituent number. In the case of more than one substituent, alphabetical order should be followed.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The systematic name of the given compound should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

IUPAC NOMENCLATURE RULES:

The first step is to find out the parent chain of the hydrocarbon. Parent chain should contain maximum number of multiple bonds, maximum number of substituents of the functional group which is used as main suffix.

Other functional group, if any, should be identified and name it as prefix.

Numbering should be done in such a way that to get the lowest number for suffix functional group, multiple bonds.

The punctuation used to separate numbers is commas and hyphen is used to separate a number and alphabet.

If the ‘ane’ ending of the alkane is replaced by ‘yne’ ending, the name of alkyne is obtained.

Select the longest chain which contain the triple bond in such a way to get lowest value for the functional group.

Two types of alkynes will be there according to the position of triple bond. Terminal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond at the end of the chain and internal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond not at the end but present in any other positions in the chain.

When the counting is done from either sides of triple bond in a compound which contain same number for the functional group suffix, the correct name will be the one which have lowest substituent number. In the case of more than one substituent, alphabetical order should be followed.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The systematic name of the given compound should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

IUPAC NOMENCLATURE RULES:

The first step is to find out the parent chain of the hydrocarbon. Parent chain should contain maximum number of multiple bonds, maximum number of substituents of the functional group which is used as main suffix.

Other functional group, if any, should be identified and name it as prefix.

Numbering should be done in such a way that to get the lowest number for suffix functional group, multiple bonds.

The punctuation used to separate numbers is commas and hyphen is used to separate a number and alphabet.

If the ‘ane’ ending of the alkane is replaced by ‘yne’ ending, the name of alkyne is obtained.

Select the longest chain which contain the triple bond in such a way to get lowest value for the functional group.

Two types of alkynes will be there according to the position of triple bond. Terminal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond at the end of the chain and internal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond not at the end but present in any other positions in the chain.

When the counting is done from either sides of triple bond in a compound which contain same number for the functional group suffix, the correct name will be the one which have lowest substituent number. In the case of more than one substituent, alphabetical order should be followed.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The systematic name of the given compound should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

IUPAC NOMENCLATURE RULES:

The first step is to find out the parent chain of the hydrocarbon. Parent chain should contain maximum number of multiple bonds, maximum number of substituents of the functional group which is used as main suffix.

Other functional group, if any, should be identified and name it as prefix.

Numbering should be done in such a way that to get the lowest number for suffix functional group, multiple bonds.

The punctuation used to separate numbers is commas and hyphen is used to separate a number and alphabet.

If the ‘ane’ ending of the alkane is replaced by ‘yne’ ending, the name of alkyne is obtained.

Select the longest chain which contain the triple bond in such a way to get lowest value for the functional group.

Two types of alkynes will be there according to the position of triple bond. Terminal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond at the end of the chain and internal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond not at the end but present in any other positions in the chain.

When the counting is done from either sides of triple bond in a compound which contain same number for the functional group suffix, the correct name will be the one which have lowest substituent number. In the case of more than one substituent, alphabetical order should be followed.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The systematic name of the given compound should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

IUPAC NOMENCLATURE RULES:

The first step is to find out the parent chain of the hydrocarbon. Parent chain should contain maximum number of multiple bonds, maximum number of substituents of the functional group which is used as main suffix.

Other functional group, if any, should be identified and name it as prefix.

Numbering should be done in such a way that to get the lowest number for suffix functional group, multiple bonds.

The punctuation used to separate numbers is commas and hyphen is used to separate a number and alphabet.

If the ‘ane’ ending of the alkane is replaced by ‘yne’ ending, the name of alkyne is obtained.

Select the longest chain which contain the triple bond in such a way to get lowest value for the functional group.

Two types of alkynes will be there according to the position of triple bond. Terminal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond at the end of the chain and internal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond not at the end but present in any other positions in the chain.

When the counting is done from either sides of triple bond in a compound which contain same number for the functional group suffix, the correct name will be the one which have lowest substituent number. In the case of more than one substituent, alphabetical order should be followed.

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The systematic name of the given compound should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

IUPAC NOMENCLATURE RULES:

The first step is to find out the parent chain of the hydrocarbon. Parent chain should contain maximum number of multiple bonds, maximum number of substituents of the functional group which is used as main suffix.

Other functional group, if any, should be identified and name it as prefix.

Numbering should be done in such a way that to get the lowest number for suffix functional group, multiple bonds.

The punctuation used to separate numbers is commas and hyphen is used to separate a number and alphabet.

If the ‘ane’ ending of the alkane is replaced by ‘yne’ ending, the name of alkyne is obtained.

Select the longest chain which contain the triple bond in such a way to get lowest value for the functional group.

Two types of alkynes will be there according to the position of triple bond. Terminal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond at the end of the chain and internal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond not at the end but present in any other positions in the chain.

When the counting is done from either sides of triple bond in a compound which contain same number for the functional group suffix, the correct name will be the one which have lowest substituent number. In the case of more than one substituent, alphabetical order should be followed.

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The systematic name of the given compound should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

IUPAC NOMENCLATURE RULES:

The first step is to find out the parent chain of the hydrocarbon. Parent chain should contain maximum number of multiple bonds, maximum number of substituents of the functional group which is used as main suffix.

Other functional group, if any, should be identified and name it as prefix.

Numbering should be done in such a way that to get the lowest number for suffix functional group, multiple bonds.

The punctuation used to separate numbers is commas and hyphen is used to separate a number and alphabet.

If the ‘ane’ ending of the alkane is replaced by ‘yne’ ending, the name of alkyne is obtained.

Select the longest chain which contain the triple bond in such a way to get lowest value for the functional group.

Two types of alkynes will be there according to the position of triple bond. Terminal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond at the end of the chain and internal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond not at the end but present in any other positions in the chain.

When the counting is done from either sides of triple bond in a compound which contain same number for the functional group suffix, the correct name will be the one which have lowest substituent number. In the case of more than one substituent, alphabetical order should be followed.

Answer 14

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The systematic name of the given compound should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

IUPAC NOMENCLATURE RULES:

The first step is to find out the parent chain of the hydrocarbon. Parent chain should contain maximum number of multiple bonds, maximum number of substituents of the functional group which is used as main suffix.

Other functional group, if any, should be identified and name it as prefix.

Numbering should be done in such a way that to get the lowest number for suffix functional group, multiple bonds.

The punctuation used to separate numbers is commas and hyphen is used to separate a number and alphabet.

If the ‘ane’ ending of the alkane is replaced by ‘yne’ ending, the name of alkyne is obtained.

Select the longest chain which contain the triple bond in such a way to get lowest value for the functional group.

Two types of alkynes will be there according to the position of triple bond. Terminal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond at the end of the chain and internal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond not at the end but present in any other positions in the chain.

When the counting is done from either sides of triple bond in a compound which contain same number for the functional group suffix, the correct name will be the one which have lowest substituent number. In the case of more than one substituent, alphabetical order should be followed.

Answer 15

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The systematic name of the given compound should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

IUPAC NOMENCLATURE RULES:

The first step is to find out the parent chain of the hydrocarbon. Parent chain should contain maximum number of multiple bonds, maximum number of substituents of the functional group which is used as main suffix.

Other functional group, if any, should be identified and name it as prefix.

Numbering should be done in such a way that to get the lowest number for suffix functional group, multiple bonds.

The punctuation used to separate numbers is commas and hyphen is used to separate a number and alphabet.

If the ‘ane’ ending of the alkane is replaced by ‘yne’ ending, the name of alkyne is obtained.

Select the longest chain which contain the triple bond in such a way to get lowest value for the functional group.

Two types of alkynes will be there according to the position of triple bond. Terminal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond at the end of the chain and internal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond not at the end but present in any other positions in the chain.

When the counting is done from either sides of triple bond in a compound which contain same number for the functional group suffix, the correct name will be the one which have lowest substituent number. In the case of more than one substituent, alphabetical order should be followed.

Answer 16

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The systematic name of the given compound should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

IUPAC NOMENCLATURE RULES:

The first step is to find out the parent chain of the hydrocarbon. Parent chain should contain maximum number of multiple bonds, maximum number of substituents of the functional group which is used as main suffix.

Other functional group, if any, should be identified and name it as prefix.

Numbering should be done in such a way that to get the lowest number for suffix functional group, multiple bonds.

The punctuation used to separate numbers is commas and hyphen is used to separate a number and alphabet.

If the ‘ane’ ending of the alkane is replaced by ‘yne’ ending, the name of alkyne is obtained.

Select the longest chain which contain the triple bond in such a way to get lowest value for the functional group.

Two types of alkynes will be there according to the position of triple bond. Terminal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond at the end of the chain and internal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond not at the end but present in any other positions in the chain.

When the counting is done from either sides of triple bond in a compound which contain same number for the functional group suffix, the correct name will be the one which have lowest substituent number. In the case of more than one substituent, alphabetical order should be followed.

Answer 17

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The systematic name of the given compound should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

IUPAC NOMENCLATURE RULES:

The first step is to find out the parent chain of the hydrocarbon. Parent chain should contain maximum number of multiple bonds, maximum number of substituents of the functional group which is used as main suffix.

Other functional group, if any, should be identified and name it as prefix.

Numbering should be done in such a way that to get the lowest number for suffix functional group, multiple bonds.

The punctuation used to separate numbers is commas and hyphen is used to separate a number and alphabet.

If the ‘ane’ ending of the alkane is replaced by ‘yne’ ending, the name of alkyne is obtained.

Select the longest chain which contain the triple bond in such a way to get lowest value for the functional group.

Two types of alkynes will be there according to the position of triple bond. Terminal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond at the end of the chain and internal alkyne is the one which contain triple bond not at the end but present in any other positions in the chain.

When the counting is done from either sides of triple bond in a compound which contain same number for the functional group suffix, the correct name will be the one which have lowest substituent number. In the case of more than one substituent, alphabetical order should be followed.

Answer 18

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 19

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 20

Want to see the full answer?

Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 21

Ch. 7.1 - What is the molecular formula for a monocyclic...Ch. 7.1 - Prob. 2P Ch. 7.1 - Draw the structure and give the common and...Ch. 7.1 - Prob. 4P Ch. 7.1 - Name the following:Ch. 7.2 - Prob. 6P Ch. 7.2 - Name the following:Ch. 7.3 - Prob. 8P Ch. 7.3 - Why does cis-2-butene have a higher boiling point...Ch. 7.4 - What orbitals are used to form the carbon-carbon ...

Solution Summary: The author explains that the systematic name of the given compound should be identified.

Concept explainers

Want to see the full answer?

Chapter 7 Solutions