Undergraduate Binge Drinking. Alcohol consumption on college and university campuses has gained attention because undergraduate students drink significantly more than young adults who are not students. Researchers I. Balodis et al. studied binge drinking in undergraduates in the article “Binge Drinking in Undergraduates: Relationships with Gender, Drinking Behaviors, Impulsivity, and the Perceived Effects of Alcohol” (Behavioural Pharmacology, Vol. 20, No. 5, pp. 518–526). The researchers found that students who are binge drinkers drink many times a month with the span of each outing having a
- a. For
samples of size 40, find the mean and standard deviation of all possible sample mean spans of binge drinking episodes. Interpret your results in words. - b. Repeat part (a) with n = 120.
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- Height and Breast Cancer. In the article “Height and Weight at Various Ages and Risk of Breast Cancer” (Annals of Epidemiology, Vol. 2, pp. 597–609), L. Brinton and C. Swanson discussed the relationship between height and breast cancer. The study, sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, took 5 years and involved more than 1500 women with breast cancer and 2000 women without breast cancer; it revealed a trend between height and breast cancer: “. . . taller women have a 50 to 80 percent greater risk of getting breast cancer than women who are closer to 5 feet tall.” Christine Swanson, a nutritionist who was involved with the study, added, “. . . height may be associated with the culprit, . . . but no one really knows” the exact relationship between height and the risk of breast cancer. a. Classify this study as either an observational study or a designed experiment. Explain your answer. b. Interpret the statement made by Christine Swanson in light of your answer to part (a).arrow_forwardVideo Games. A pathological video game user (PVGU) is a video game user that averages 31 or more hours a week of gameplay. According to the article “Pathological Video Game Use among Youths: A Two-Year Longitudinal Study” (Pediatrics, Vol. 127, No. 2, pp. 319–329) by D. Gentile et al., in 2011, about 9% of children in grades 3–8 were PVGUs. Suppose that, today, seven youths in grades 3–8 are randomly selected. a. Assuming that the percentage of PVGUs in grades 3–8 is the same today as it was in 2011, determine the probability distribution for the number, X, who are PVGUs. b. Determine and interpret the mean of X. c. If, in fact, exactly three of the seven youths selected are PVGUs, would you be inclined to conclude that the percentage of PVGUs in grades 3–8 has increased from the 2011 percentage? Explain your reasoning. Hint: First consider the probability P(X ≥ 3). d. If, in fact, exactly two of the seven youths selected are PVGUs, would you be inclined to conclude that the percentage…arrow_forwardHepatitis B and Pancreatic Cancer. The article “Study Links Hepatitis B and Cancer of Pancreas” by D. Grady, appeared in the September 29, 2008 issue of the NewYork Times. It reported that, for the first time, a study showed that people with pancreatic cancer are more likely than those without the disease to have been infected with the hepatitis B virus. The study by M. Hassan et al., titled “Association Between Hepatitis B Virus and Pancreatic Cancer” (Journal of Clinical Oncology, Vol. 26, No. 28, pp. 4557–4562) compared 476 people who had pancreatic cancer with 879 healthy control subjects. All were tested to see whether they had ever been infected with the viruses that cause hepatitis B or hepatitis C. The results were that no connection was found to hepatitis C, but the cancer patients were twice as likely as the healthy subjects to have had hepatitis B. The researchers noted, however, that “. . . while the study showed an association, it did not prove cause and effect. More work…arrow_forward
- (a) and (b)arrow_forwardPart I - ANOVA An experiment was conducted to determine if motivational techniques in management significantly affected employee stress levels compared to no intervention. An employee survey was given to three groups: one group under a manager who started using a transformational motivation technique, one group under a manager who began using a transactional motivation technique, and then a control group with no new technique used. Stress levels were self-reported by the employees on 10-point Likert scales (0 – no stress, 1- little stress, 9 – very high stress). The results are shown below. Use alpha = 0.05. Transformational Transactional Control 0 2 6 7 5 5 3 3 8 5 0 9 2 1 5 Explain why using ANOVA is appropriate for this data. What assumptions need to be addressed to use this type of test? What is your null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis? After running the single factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) on the data,…arrow_forwardBehavioural Researchers view the internet and social media addiction as a disorder characterized by the excessive use of Facebook, Instagram, Snap chat, Twitter and other forms of social media such that it affects other aspects of life, including real-life relationships and academic achievement among those still in education. The paper "The Association between Aggressive Behaviors and Internet Addiction and Online Activities in Adolescents" (Journal of Adolescent Health [2009]: 598–605) reported on a study of more than 9400 adolescents. Each participant in the study was assessed using the Chen Internet Addiction Scale to determine if he or she suffered from Internet addiction. The following statements are based on the survey results: a) 51.8% of the study participants were female and 48.2% were male. b) 13.1% of females suffered from Internet addiction. c) 24.8% of the males suffered from Internet addiction Required i) What is the probability that an adolescent is addicted to the…arrow_forward
- In a study examining the effects of time of day (morning or afternoon) and temperature (cool, normal, warm) on worker productivity, how many interaction effect(s) are possible?arrow_forwardResearchers have sought to examine the effect of various types of music on agitation levels in patients who are in the early and middle stages of Alzheimer's disease. Patients were selected to participate in the study based on their stage of Alzheimer's disease. Three forms of music were tested: Easy listening, Mozart, and piano interludes. While listening to music, agitation levels were recorded for the patients with a high score indicating a higher level of agitation. Scores are recorded below. Group Piano Interlude Mozart Easy Listening Early Stage Alzheimer's 22222 21 9 24 12 18 20 9 62056 10 24 22222 29 26 30 26 Mean=21.0 Mean=9.0 Mean=27.0 20 25 Middle Stage Alzheimer's 22222 14 18 18 11 18 9 13 20 13 19 58230 15 Fill in the missing values in the ANOVA table and use the information to test the appropriate hypotheses using a significance level of 0.05. Mean=21.0 Mean=13.0 Mean=17.0 Source Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F F- critical Type of music 740 3.4028 Degree of 30 4.2597…arrow_forwardResearchers have sought to examine the effect of various types of music on agitation levels in patients who are in the early and middle stages of Alzheimer's disease. Patients were selected to participate in the study based on their stage of Alzheimer's disease. Three forms of music were tested: Easy listening, Mozart, and piano interludes. While listening to music, agitation levels were recorded for the patients with a high score indicating a higher level of agitation. Scores are recorded below. Group Piano Interlude Mozart Easy Listening Early Stage Alzheimer's 2124221820 Mean=21.0 9121059 Mean=9.0 2926302426 Mean=27.0 Middle Stage Alzheimer's 2220251820 Mean=21.0 141811913 Mean=13.0 1518201319 Mean=17.0 Complete the following ANOVA table. Source df SS MS F Type of Music 2 740 Degree of Alzheimer's 1 30 Interaction 2 260 Error 24 178 Total 29 1208…arrow_forward
- Coffee and Depression: Researchers conducted a study investigating the relationship between caffeinated coffee consumption and risk of depression in women. They collected data on 50,739 women free of depression symptoms at the start of the study in the year 1996, and these women were followed through 2006. The researchers used questionnaires to collect data on caffeinated coffee consumption, asked each individual about physician-diagnosed depression, and also asked about the use of antidepressants. The table below shows the distribution of incidences of depression by amount of caffeinated coffee consumption. (M. Lucas et al, 2011). Tip: Do NOT include the TOTAL row and column in your table when you copy into your technology application such as Statcrunch or a Calculator. ≤ 1 cup/week 2-6 cups/week 1 cup/day 2-3 cups/day ≥ 4 cups/day Total 373 905 564 95 2607 Clinical Depression: Yes 670 Clinical Depression: No 11545 6244 16329 11726 2288 48132 Total 12215 6617 17234 12290 2383 50739arrow_forwardChest Injury Rating Car Driver Passenger Car Driver Passenger 1 42 35 10 36 37 2 42 35 11 36 37 3 34 45 12 43 58 4 34 45 13 40 42 5 45 45 14 43 58 6 40 42 15 37 41 7 42 46 16 37 41 8 43 58 17 44 57 9 45 43 18 42 42 Generate test results (α = .01) using data analysis (EXCEL).arrow_forwardRock Sparrows. Rock Sparrows breeding in northern Italy are the subject of a long-term ecology and conservation study due to their wide variety of breeding patterns. Both males and females have a yellow patch on their breasts that is thought to play a significant role in their sexual behavior. A. Pilastro et al. conducted an experiment in which they increased or reduced the size of a female’s breast patch by dying feathers at the edge of a patch and then observed several characteristics of the behavior of the male. Their results were published in the paper “Male Rock Sparrows Adjust Their Breeding Strategy According to Female Ornamentation: Parental or Mating Investment?” (Animal Behaviour,Vol. 66, Issue 2, pp. 265–271). Eight mating pairs were observed in each of three groups: a reduced-patch-size group, a control group, and an enlarged-patch-size group. The data on the WeissStats site, based on the results reported by the researchers, give the number of minutes per hour that males…arrow_forward
- Big Ideas Math A Bridge To Success Algebra 1: Stu...AlgebraISBN:9781680331141Author:HOUGHTON MIFFLIN HARCOURTPublisher:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt