(a) Interpretation: For the closed-system, the energy balance equation is to be simplified. Concept introduction: The internal energy is the total energy present in the system. In simple words, it is the sum of the kinetic and potential energy of the particles in the system. According to the first law of thermodynamics , the energy of a system is conserved. It is only transferred from one state to another that is from system to surroundings and vice versa.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 7.12P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

For the closed-system, the energy balance equation is to be simplified.

Concept introduction:

The internal energy is the total energy present in the system. In simple words, it is the sum of the kinetic and potential energy of the particles in the system. According to the first law of thermodynamics, the energy of a system is conserved. It is only transferred from one state to another that is from system to surroundings and vice versa.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The amount of heat that is transferred to or from the surroundings is to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

The internal energy is the total energy present in the system. In simple words, it is the sum of the kinetic and potential energy of the particles in the system. According to the first law of thermodynamics, the energy of a system is conserved. It is only transferred from one state to another that is from system to surroundings and vice versa.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Whether the temperature of the final system is greater than, equal to, or less than 30 οC is to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

The internal energy is the total energy present in the system. In simple words, it is the sum of the kinetic and potential energy of the particles in the system. According to the first law of thermodynamics, the energy of a system is conserved. It is only transferred from one state to another that is from system to surroundings and vice versa.

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Identify the missing starting materials/ reagents/ products in the following reactions. Show the stereochemistry clearly in the structures, if any. If there is a major product, draw the structures of the major product with stereochemistry clearly indicated where applicable. Show only the diastereomers (you do not have to draw the pairs of enantiomers). If you believe that multiple products are formed in approximately equal amounts (hence neither is the major product), draw the structures of the products, and show the detailed mechanism of these reactions to justify the formation of the multiple products. If you believe no product is formed, explain why briefly. (6 mark for each, except f and g, which are 10 mark each)

3. What starting material would you use to synthesize 3-hydroxypentanoic acid using a NaBH4 reduction?

1. Give stereochemical (Fischer projection) formulas for all (but no extras) the stereoisomers that could theoretically form during the reduction of a. the carbonyl group of 2-methyl-3--pentanone b. both carbonyl groups of 2,4-pentanedione (careful!) 2. Predict the products of the reduction of O=CCH2CH2CH2C=O with a. LiAlH4 b. NaBH4 CH3 OH

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 7.12P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

For the closed-system, the energy balance equation is to be simplified.

Concept introduction:

The internal energy is the total energy present in the system. In simple words, it is the sum of the kinetic and potential energy of the particles in the system. According to the first law of thermodynamics, the energy of a system is conserved. It is only transferred from one state to another that is from system to surroundings and vice versa.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The amount of heat that is transferred to or from the surroundings is to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

The internal energy is the total energy present in the system. In simple words, it is the sum of the kinetic and potential energy of the particles in the system. According to the first law of thermodynamics, the energy of a system is conserved. It is only transferred from one state to another that is from system to surroundings and vice versa.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Whether the temperature of the final system is greater than, equal to, or less than 30 οC is to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

The internal energy is the total energy present in the system. In simple words, it is the sum of the kinetic and potential energy of the particles in the system. According to the first law of thermodynamics, the energy of a system is conserved. It is only transferred from one state to another that is from system to surroundings and vice versa.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 7.12P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

For the closed-system, the energy balance equation is to be simplified.

Concept introduction:

The internal energy is the total energy present in the system. In simple words, it is the sum of the kinetic and potential energy of the particles in the system. According to the first law of thermodynamics, the energy of a system is conserved. It is only transferred from one state to another that is from system to surroundings and vice versa.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The amount of heat that is transferred to or from the surroundings is to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

The internal energy is the total energy present in the system. In simple words, it is the sum of the kinetic and potential energy of the particles in the system. According to the first law of thermodynamics, the energy of a system is conserved. It is only transferred from one state to another that is from system to surroundings and vice versa.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Whether the temperature of the final system is greater than, equal to, or less than 30 οC is to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

The internal energy is the total energy present in the system. In simple words, it is the sum of the kinetic and potential energy of the particles in the system. According to the first law of thermodynamics, the energy of a system is conserved. It is only transferred from one state to another that is from system to surroundings and vice versa.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 7.12P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

For the closed-system, the energy balance equation is to be simplified.

Concept introduction:

The internal energy is the total energy present in the system. In simple words, it is the sum of the kinetic and potential energy of the particles in the system. According to the first law of thermodynamics, the energy of a system is conserved. It is only transferred from one state to another that is from system to surroundings and vice versa.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The amount of heat that is transferred to or from the surroundings is to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

The internal energy is the total energy present in the system. In simple words, it is the sum of the kinetic and potential energy of the particles in the system. According to the first law of thermodynamics, the energy of a system is conserved. It is only transferred from one state to another that is from system to surroundings and vice versa.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Whether the temperature of the final system is greater than, equal to, or less than 30 οC is to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

The internal energy is the total energy present in the system. In simple words, it is the sum of the kinetic and potential energy of the particles in the system. According to the first law of thermodynamics, the energy of a system is conserved. It is only transferred from one state to another that is from system to surroundings and vice versa.

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Answer 5

Chapter 7, Problem 7.12P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

For the closed-system, the energy balance equation is to be simplified.

Concept introduction:

The internal energy is the total energy present in the system. In simple words, it is the sum of the kinetic and potential energy of the particles in the system. According to the first law of thermodynamics, the energy of a system is conserved. It is only transferred from one state to another that is from system to surroundings and vice versa.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The amount of heat that is transferred to or from the surroundings is to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

The internal energy is the total energy present in the system. In simple words, it is the sum of the kinetic and potential energy of the particles in the system. According to the first law of thermodynamics, the energy of a system is conserved. It is only transferred from one state to another that is from system to surroundings and vice versa.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Whether the temperature of the final system is greater than, equal to, or less than 30 οC is to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

The internal energy is the total energy present in the system. In simple words, it is the sum of the kinetic and potential energy of the particles in the system. According to the first law of thermodynamics, the energy of a system is conserved. It is only transferred from one state to another that is from system to surroundings and vice versa.

Answer 6

Chapter 7, Problem 7.12P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

For the closed-system, the energy balance equation is to be simplified.

Concept introduction:

The internal energy is the total energy present in the system. In simple words, it is the sum of the kinetic and potential energy of the particles in the system. According to the first law of thermodynamics, the energy of a system is conserved. It is only transferred from one state to another that is from system to surroundings and vice versa.

Answer 7

Chapter 7, Problem 7.12P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

For the closed-system, the energy balance equation is to be simplified.

Concept introduction:

The internal energy is the total energy present in the system. In simple words, it is the sum of the kinetic and potential energy of the particles in the system. According to the first law of thermodynamics, the energy of a system is conserved. It is only transferred from one state to another that is from system to surroundings and vice versa.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The amount of heat that is transferred to or from the surroundings is to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

The internal energy is the total energy present in the system. In simple words, it is the sum of the kinetic and potential energy of the particles in the system. According to the first law of thermodynamics, the energy of a system is conserved. It is only transferred from one state to another that is from system to surroundings and vice versa.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The amount of heat that is transferred to or from the surroundings is to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

The internal energy is the total energy present in the system. In simple words, it is the sum of the kinetic and potential energy of the particles in the system. According to the first law of thermodynamics, the energy of a system is conserved. It is only transferred from one state to another that is from system to surroundings and vice versa.

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Whether the temperature of the final system is greater than, equal to, or less than 30 οC is to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

The internal energy is the total energy present in the system. In simple words, it is the sum of the kinetic and potential energy of the particles in the system. According to the first law of thermodynamics, the energy of a system is conserved. It is only transferred from one state to another that is from system to surroundings and vice versa.

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Whether the temperature of the final system is greater than, equal to, or less than 30 οC is to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

The internal energy is the total energy present in the system. In simple words, it is the sum of the kinetic and potential energy of the particles in the system. According to the first law of thermodynamics, the energy of a system is conserved. It is only transferred from one state to another that is from system to surroundings and vice versa.

Answer 12

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Answer 13

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Answer 14

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Answer 15

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Solution Summary: The author explains the energy balance equation for the closed-system. The internal energy is the sum of kinetic and potential energy of the particles in the system.

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