Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences (MindTap Course List)
6th Edition
ISBN: 9781337613316
Author: Frederick J Gravetter, Lori-Ann B. Forzano
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Textbook Question
Chapter 7, Problem 4E
It has been demonstrated that students with high self-esteem tend to have higher grades than students with low self-esteem. Does this relationship mean that higher self-esteem causes better academic performance? Does it mean that better academic performance causes higher self-esteem? Explain your answer, and identify the general problem that can preclude a cause-and-effect explanation.
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It has been demonstrated that students with high self-esteem tend to have higher grades than students with low self-esteem. Does this relationship mean that higher self-esteem causes better academic performance? Does it mean that better academic performance causes higher self-esteem? Explain your answer, and identify the general problem that can preclude a cause-and-effect explanation.
"Bullying," according to noted expert Dan Olweus, "poisons the educational environment and affects the learning of every child." Bullying and victimization are evident as early as preschool, with the problem peaking in middle school. Suppose you are interested in the emotional well-being of not only the victims but also bystanders, bullies, and those who bully but who are also victims (bully-victims). You decide to measure depression in a group of victims and a group of bully-victims using a 26-item, 3-point depression scale. Assume scores on the depression scale are normally distributed and that the variances of the depression scores are the same among victims and bully-victims.
The group of 25 victims scored an average of 25.3 with a sample standard deviation of 9 on the depression scale. The group of 23 bully-victims scored an average of 20.5 with a sample standard deviation of 8 on the same scale. You do not have any presupposed assumptions about whether victims or bully-victims…
What is a confounding variable in research, and how can it affect the results of a study? Provide an example of a confounding variable in a hypothetical study.
Chapter 7 Solutions
Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 7.1 - Describe the general purpose of an experimental...Ch. 7.1 - Define independent, dependent, and extraneous...Ch. 7.1 - Describe the third-variable problem and the...Ch. 7.2 - Explain why manipulation of an independent...Ch. 7.2 - Explain why control of extraneous variables is a...Ch. 7.2 - Explain how an extraneous variable can become a...Ch. 7.3 - Describe the three primary techniques for...Ch. 7.4 - Describe the purpose for control conditions in...Ch. 7.4 - Explain when a manipulation check is needed,...Ch. 7.4 - Define field studies and simulation, explain why...
Ch. 7 - In addition to the key words, you should also be...Ch. 7 - Dr. Jones conducted a study examining the...Ch. 7 - In an experiment examining human memory, two...Ch. 7 - It has been demonstrated that students with high...Ch. 7 - A researcher would like to compare two methods for...Ch. 7 - Define extraneous variable and explain how...Ch. 7 - Identify the two characteristics needed for a...Ch. 7 - Identify the two active methods of preventing...Ch. 7 - Explain how the process of randomly assigning...Ch. 7 - Can a research study be an experiment without a...Ch. 7 - What is the general purpose of a manipulation...Ch. 7 - What is the general purpose for using a simulation...
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- What term is used to express the likelihood of an event occurring? Are there restrictions on its values? If so, what are they? If not, explain.arrow_forwardA two-factor study investigates the effects of self-esteem (low vs. high) and gender (males vs. females) on anxiety scores. The following data represents the means for each treatment condition. Low self-esteem High self-esteem Male 5 11 Female 10 3 The data shows that there is a self-esteem by gender interaction. Explain the self-esteem by gender interaction (include individual means in your explanation)arrow_forward"Bullying." according to noted expert Dan Olweus, "poisons the educational environment and affects the learning of every child." Bullying and victimization are evident as early as preschool, with the problem peaking in middle school. Suppose you are interested in the emotional well-being of not only the victims but also bystanders, bullies, and those who bully but who are also victims (bully-victims). You decide to measure depression in a group of victims and a group of bully-victims using a 26-item, 3-point depression scale. Assume scores on the depression scale are normally distributed and that the variances of the depression scores are the same among victims and bully-victims. The group of 25 victims scored an average of 25.3 with a sample standard deviation of 9 on the depression scale. The group of 23 bully-victims scored an average of 20.5 with a sample standard deviation of 8 on the same scale. You do not have any presupposed assumptions about whether victims or bully-victims…arrow_forward
- A researcher wishes to examine the physical health, including if they have been diagnosed with diabetes and high blood pressure, of family caregivers. The researcher also wants to examine the caregivers lived experiences. What kind of data should the researchers collect from their study participants? Quantitative Qualitative Both quantitative and qualitative Qualitative or quantitativearrow_forwardRespond to the question with a concise and accurate answer, along with a clear explanation and step-by-step solution, or risk receiving a downvote.arrow_forward"Bullying," according to noted expert Dan Olweus, "poisons the educational environment and affects the learning of every child." Bullying and victimization are evident as early as preschool, with the problem peaking in middle school. Suppose you are interested in the emotional well-being of not only the victims but also bystanders, bullies, and those who bully but who are also victims (bully-victims). You decide to measure depression in a group of bully-victims and a group of bystanders using an 18-item, 5-point depression scale. Assume scores on the depression scale are normally distributed and that the variances of the depression scores are the same among bully-victims and bystanders. The group of 39 bully-victims scored an average of 51.6 with a sample standard deviation of 9 on the depression scale. The group of 31 bystanders scored an average of 45.2 with a sample standard deviation of 12 on the same scale. You do not have any presupposed assumptions about whether bully-victims or…arrow_forward
- High stress equals high fat for kids Stressed kids are more likely to go for high-fat foods and snacks than their placid peers, regardless of whether they respond to anxiety by eating more or less than usual. A study of 4,320 British schoolchildren found a strong relationship between stress and fatty foods. Those 11-year-olds who were the most stressed ate nearly twice as much fatty food as their less anxious classmates. They also were bigger snackers, often at the expense of starting off the day with a good breakfast. At the same time, they “were also less likely to consume the recommended five or more fruits and vegetables a day and eat a daily breakfast,” said Jane Wardle, director of Cancer Research UK Health Behaviour Unit. She and her colleagues based their findings on a standard test measuring the youngsters’ stress levels and an assessment of their eating patterns. The researchers found that overall, black students had the worst eating habits, Asian students had the best and…arrow_forwardProf. Watson wants to predict children’s aggressive scores based on the participants’ gender and their self-esteem scores. Based on literature and theory, he has reason to believe that gender would be a greater predictor than self-esteem scores. What type of analysis should Prof. Watson do? Why?arrow_forwardWhen people are anxious, they tend to be depressed. When they are depressed, they tend to be anxious. The relationship between anxiety and depression is well-known to psychologists, but why that relationship exists is not well understood. Does one lead to the other? Are they both part of the same disorder? Suppose you are exploring how measures of anxiety and depression predict future suicide attempts among women aged 20 to 29. You use the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) to measure depression and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) to measure anxiety in a sample of 842 women aged 20 to 29. Both inventories consist of 21 questions with a possible 3 points per question. Thus, each measure ranges in value from 0 to 63. 1. Which of the following measures or tests would be appropriate to apply to the two numerical scores (without any recoding) to ascertain the strength of the relationship between the BDI and the BAI in your sample of women aged 20 to 29? (Hint: By “recoding” we mean…arrow_forward
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