University Physics Volume 2
18th Edition
ISBN: 9781938168161
Author: OpenStax
Publisher: OpenStax
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Textbook Question
Chapter 7, Problem 41P
An electron is to be accelerated in a uniform electric
field having a strength of
energy in keV is given to the electron if it is accelerated through 0.400 m? (b) Over what distance would it have to be accelerated to increase its energy by 50.0 GeV?
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Question B3
Consider the following FLRW spacetime:
t2
ds² = -dt² +
(dx²
+ dy²+ dz²),
t2
where t is a constant.
a)
State whether this universe is spatially open, closed or flat.
[2 marks]
b) Determine the Hubble factor H(t), and represent it in a (roughly drawn) plot as a function
of time t, starting at t = 0.
[3 marks]
c) Taking galaxy A to be located at (x, y, z) = (0,0,0), determine the proper distance to galaxy
B located at (x, y, z) = (L, 0, 0). Determine the recessional velocity of galaxy B with respect
to galaxy A.
d) The Friedmann equations are
2
k
8πG
а
4πG
+
a²
(p+3p).
3
a
3
[5 marks]
Use these equations to determine the energy density p(t) and the pressure p(t) for the
FLRW spacetime specified at the top of the page.
[5 marks]
e) Given the result of question B3.d, state whether the FLRW universe in question is (i)
radiation-dominated, (ii) matter-dominated, (iii) cosmological-constant-dominated, or (iv)
none of the previous. Justify your answer.
f)
[5 marks]
A conformally…
SECTION B
Answer ONLY TWO questions in Section B
[Expect to use one single-sided A4 page for each Section-B sub question.]
Question B1
Consider the line element
where w is a constant.
ds²=-dt²+e2wt dx²,
a) Determine the components of the metric and of the inverse metric.
[2 marks]
b) Determine the Christoffel symbols. [See the Appendix of this document.]
[10 marks]
c)
Write down the geodesic equations.
[5 marks]
d) Show that e2wt it is a constant of geodesic motion.
[4 marks]
e)
Solve the geodesic equations for null geodesics.
[4 marks]
Page 2
SECTION A
Answer ALL questions in Section A
[Expect to use one single-sided A4 page for each Section-A sub question.]
Question A1
SPA6308 (2024)
Consider Minkowski spacetime in Cartesian coordinates th
=
(t, x, y, z), such that
ds² = dt² + dx² + dy² + dz².
(a) Consider the vector with components V" = (1,-1,0,0). Determine V and V. V.
(b) Consider now the coordinate system x' (u, v, y, z) such that
u =t-x,
v=t+x.
[2 marks]
Write down the line element, the metric, the Christoffel symbols and the Riemann curvature
tensor in the new coordinates. [See the Appendix of this document.]
[5 marks]
(c) Determine V", that is, write the object in question A1.a in the coordinate system x'. Verify
explicitly that V. V is invariant under the coordinate transformation.
Question A2
[5 marks]
Suppose that A, is a covector field, and consider the object
Fv=AAμ.
(a) Show explicitly that F is a tensor, that is, show that it transforms appropriately under a
coordinate transformation.
[5 marks]
(b)…
Chapter 7 Solutions
University Physics Volume 2
Ch. 7 - Check Your Understanding If Q has a mass of 4.00 g...Ch. 7 - Check Your Understanding What is the potential...Ch. 7 - Check Your Understanding Is the electrical...Ch. 7 - Check Your Understanding How much energy does a...Ch. 7 - Check Your Understanding How many electrons would...Ch. 7 - Check Your Understanding How would this example...Ch. 7 - Check Your Understanding From the examples, how...Ch. 7 - Check Your Understanding What is the potential...Ch. 7 - Check Your Understanding What is the potential on...Ch. 7 - Check Your Understanding What is the potential on...
Ch. 7 - Check Your Understanding Which coordinate system...Ch. 7 - Check Your Understanding What are the...Ch. 7 - Would electric potential energy be meaningful if...Ch. 7 - Why do we need to be careful about work done on...Ch. 7 - Does the order in which we assemble a system of...Ch. 7 - Discuss how potential difference and electric...Ch. 7 - What is die strength of the electric field in a...Ch. 7 - If a proton is released from rest in an electric...Ch. 7 - Voltage is the common word for potential...Ch. 7 - If the voltage between two points is zero can a...Ch. 7 - Wliat is the relationship between voltage and...Ch. 7 - Voltages are always measured between two points...Ch. 7 - How are units of volts and electron-volts related?...Ch. 7 - Can a particle move in a direction of increasing...Ch. 7 - Compare the electric dipole moments of charges +Q...Ch. 7 - Would Gauss’s law be helpful for determining the...Ch. 7 - In what region of space is the potential due to a...Ch. 7 - Can the potential of a nonuniformly charged sphere...Ch. 7 - If the electric field is zero throughout a region,...Ch. 7 - Explain why knowledge of E(x, y, z) is not...Ch. 7 - If two points are at the same potential, are there...Ch. 7 - Suppose you have a map of equipotential surfaces...Ch. 7 - Is the electric potential necessarily constant...Ch. 7 - Linder electrostatic conditions, the excess charge...Ch. 7 - - Can a positively charged conductor be at a...Ch. 7 - Can equipotential surfaces intersect?Ch. 7 - Why are the metal support rods for satellite...Ch. 7 - (a) Why are fish reasonably safe in an electrical...Ch. 7 - What are the similarities and differences between...Ch. 7 - About what magnitude of potential is used to...Ch. 7 - Consider a charge Q1(1+5.0C) fixed at a site with...Ch. 7 - Two charges Q1(1+2.00C) and Q2(+2.00C are placed...Ch. 7 - To form a hydrogen atom, a proton is fixed at a...Ch. 7 - (a) What is the average power output of a heart...Ch. 7 - Find the ratio of speeds of an electron and a...Ch. 7 - An evacuated tube uses an accelerating voltage of...Ch. 7 - Show that units of V/m and N/C for electric field...Ch. 7 - What is the strength of the electric field between...Ch. 7 - The electric field strength between two parallel...Ch. 7 - The voltage across a membrane forming a cell wall...Ch. 7 - Two parallel conducting plates are separated by...Ch. 7 - Find the maximum potential difference between two...Ch. 7 - An electron is to be accelerated in a uniform...Ch. 7 - Use die definition of potential difference in...Ch. 7 - The electric field in a region is pointed away...Ch. 7 - Singly charged gas ions are accelerated from rest...Ch. 7 - A 0.500-cm-diameter plastic sphere, used in a...Ch. 7 - How far from a 1.00C point charge is the potential...Ch. 7 - If the potential due to a point charge is 5.00102...Ch. 7 - In nuclear fission, a nucleus splits roughly in...Ch. 7 - A research Vail de Graaff generator has a 2.00-m-...Ch. 7 - An electrostatic paint sprayer has a...Ch. 7 - (a) What is the potential between two points...Ch. 7 - Find the potential at points P1,P2,andP4 in the...Ch. 7 - Two charges 20Cand+2.0C are separated by 4.0 cm on...Ch. 7 - (a) Plot the potential of a uniformly charged 1-m...Ch. 7 - Throughout a region, equipotential surfaces are...Ch. 7 - In a particular region, the electric potential is...Ch. 7 - Calculate the electric field of an infinite line...Ch. 7 - Two very large metal plates are placed 2.0 cm...Ch. 7 - A very large sheet of insulating material has had...Ch. 7 - A metallic sphere of radius 2.0 cm is charged with...Ch. 7 - Two large charged plates of charge density 30C/m2...Ch. 7 - A long cylinder of aluminum of radius R meters is...Ch. 7 - Two parallel plates 10 cm on a side are given...Ch. 7 - The surface charge density on a long straight...Ch. 7 - Concentric conducting spherical shells carry...Ch. 7 - Shown below are two concentric spherical shells of...Ch. 7 - A solid cylindrical conductor of radius a is...Ch. 7 - (a) What is the electric field 5.00 m from die...Ch. 7 - (a) What is the direction and magnitude of an...Ch. 7 - A simple and common technique for accelerating...Ch. 7 - In a Geiger counter, a thin metallic wire at the...Ch. 7 - The practical limit to all electric field in air...Ch. 7 - To form a helium atom, an alpha particle that...Ch. 7 - Find the electrostatic energy of eight equal...Ch. 7 - The probability of fusion occurring is greatly...Ch. 7 - A bare helium nucleus has two positive charges and...Ch. 7 - An election enters a region between two large...Ch. 7 - How far apart are two conducting plates that have...Ch. 7 - (a) Will the electric field strength between two...Ch. 7 - Membrane walls of living cells have surprisingly...Ch. 7 - A double charged ion is accelerated to an energy...Ch. 7 - The temperature near the center of the Sun is...Ch. 7 - A lightning bolt strikes a tree, moving 20.0 C of...Ch. 7 - What is the potential 0.5301010 m from a proton...Ch. 7 - (a) A sphere has a surface uniformly charged with...Ch. 7 - What are the sign and magnitude of a point charge...Ch. 7 - In one of the classic nuclear physics experiments...Ch. 7 - A 12.0-V battery-operated bottle warmer heats 50.0...Ch. 7 - A battery-operated car uses a 12.0-V system. Find...Ch. 7 - (a) Find the voltage near a 10.0 cm diameter metal...Ch. 7 - A uniformly charged ring of radius 10 cm is placed...Ch. 7 - A glass ring of radius 5.0 cm is painted with a...Ch. 7 - A CD disk of radius (R = 3.0 cm) is sprayed with a...Ch. 7 - (a) What is the final speed of an electron...Ch. 7 - A large metal plate is charged uniformly to a...Ch. 7 - Your friend gets really excited by the idea of...Ch. 7 - (a) Find x L limit of the potential of a finite...Ch. 7 - A small spherical pith ball of radius 0.50 cm is...Ch. 7 - Two parallel conducting plates, each of...Ch. 7 - A point charge of q=50108 C is placed at the...Ch. 7 - Earth has a net charge that produces an electric...Ch. 7 - Point charges of 25.0/ C and 45. C are placed...Ch. 7 - What can you say about two charges q1and q2 if the...Ch. 7 - Calculate the angular velocity of an electron...Ch. 7 - An electron has an initial velocity of 5.00106m/s...Ch. 7 - Three Na+ and three Cl ions are placed alternately...Ch. 7 - Look up (presumably online, or by dismantling an...Ch. 7 - Use the electric field of a finite sphere with...Ch. 7 - Calculate the electric field of a dipole...
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