The fractional saturation of hemoglobin when p O 2 is 20 torr. Concept introduction: Fractional saturation is the partial fulfillment of the allosteric sites of the protein by the ligand. The ligand in hemoglobin is oxygen. Fractional saturation (Y) is the fraction at which the protein molecules are saturated with the ligand. At Y 50 , half the protein molecules are bound to ligand and half of proteins and ligands are free, thus equilibrium is achieved. The concentration of gas is mentioned as partial pressure. Torr is the unit of measure for pressure.

Question

Compare and contrast primary and secondary active transport mechanisms in terms of energy utilisation and efficiency. Provide examples of each and discuss their physiological significance in maintaining ionic balance and nutrient uptake. Rubric Understanding the key concepts (clearly and accurately explains primary and secondary active transport mechanisms, showing a deep understanding of their roles) Energy utilisation analysis ( thoroughly compares energy utilisation in primary and secondary transport with specific and relevant examples Efficiency discussion Use of examples (provides relevant and accurate examples (e.g sodium potassium pump, SGLT1) with clear links to physiological significance. Clarity and structure (presents ideas logically and cohesively with clear organisation and smooth transition between sections)

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 3E

(a)

Summary Introduction

To calculate: The fractional saturation of hemoglobin when pO₂ is 20 torr.

Concept introduction: Fractional saturation is the partial fulfillment of the allosteric sites of the protein by the ligand. The ligand in hemoglobin is oxygen. Fractional saturation (Y) is the fraction at which the protein molecules are saturated with the ligand. At Y₅₀, half the protein molecules are bound to ligand and half of proteins and ligands are free, thus equilibrium is achieved. The concentration of gas is mentioned as partial pressure. Torr is the unit of measure for pressure.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To calculate: The fractional saturation of hemoglobin when pO₂ is 40 torr.

Concept introduction: Fractional saturation is the partial fulfillment of the allosteric sites of the protein by the ligand. The ligand in hemoglobin is oxygen. Fractional saturation (Y) is the fraction at which the protein molecules are saturated with the ligand. At Y₅₀, half the protein molecules are bound to ligand, and half of proteins and ligands are free, thus equilibrium is achieved. The concentration of gas is mentioned as partial pressure. Torr is the unit of measure for pressure.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To calculate: The fractional saturation of hemoglobin when pO₂ is 60 torr.

Concept introduction: Fractional saturation is the partial fulfillment of the allosteric sites of the protein by the ligand. The ligand in hemoglobin is oxygen. Fractional saturation (Y) is the fraction at which the protein molecules are saturated with the ligand. At Y₅₀, half the protein molecules are bound to ligand, and half of proteins and ligands are free, thus equilibrium is achieved. The concentration of gas is mentioned as partial pressure. Torr is the unit of measure for pressure.

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Compare and contrast primary and secondary active transport mechanisms in terms of energy utilisation and efficiency. Provide examples of each and discuss their physiological significance in maintaining ionic balance and nutrient uptake. Rubric Understanding the key concepts (clearly and accurately explains primary and secondary active transport mechanisms, showing a deep understanding of their roles) Energy utilisation analysis ( thoroughly compares energy utilisation in primary and secondary transport with specific and relevant examples Efficiency discussion Use of examples (provides relevant and accurate examples (e.g sodium potassium pump, SGLT1) with clear links to physiological significance. Clarity and structure (presents ideas logically and cohesively with clear organisation and smooth transition between sections)

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