Chapter 7, Problem 39QRT

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Sigma and pi bond in $\text{OCS}$ has to be designated by drawing its Lewis structure.

Concept Introduction:

Sigma (σ) bonds are the bonds in which shared hybrid orbital’s electron density are concentrated along the internuclear axis.

Pi (π) bonds are the bonds in which shared unhybridized orbital’s (p, d, etc) electron density are concentrated in above and below of the plane of the molecule.

$\begin{array}{ccc}\text{Type}\text{of}\text{Bond}& \text{No}\text{.}\text{of}\text{σ}\text{bonds}& \text{No}\text{.}\text{of}\text{π}\text{bonds}\\ \text{Single}& \text{1}& \text{0}\\ \text{Double}& \text{1}& \text{1}\\ \text{Triple}& \text{1}& \text{2}\end{array}$

Hybridization is the mixing of valence atomic orbitals to get equivalent hybridized orbitals that having similar characteristics and energy.

Geometry of different types of molecule with respect to the hybridizations are mentioned below,

$\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{cccc}Typeofmolecule& Hybridaization& \begin{array}{l}Atomicorbitals\\ usedforhybridaization\end{array}& Geometry\\ A{X}_2& sp& 1s+1p& Linear\\ A{X}_3,A{X}_{2}B& s{p}^2& 1s+2p& Trigonalplanar\\ A{X}_4,A{X}_{3}B,A{X}_2{B}_2& s{p}^3& 1s+3p& Tetrahedral\\ A{X}_5,A{X}_{4}B,A{X}_3{B}_2,A{X}_2{B}_3& s{p}^{3}d& 1s+3p+1d& Trigonalbipyramidal\\ A{X}_6,A{X}_{5}B,A{X}_4{B}_2& s{p}^3{d}^2& 1s+3p+2d& Octahedral\end{array}\\ A\to Centralatom\\ X\to AtomsbondedtoA\\ B\to NonbondingelectronpairsonA\end{array}$

Explanation of Solution

Given molecule is $\text{OCS}$.

The Lewis electron dot structure for $\text{OCS}$ is given below:

.

Sigma bond and pi bonds in the molecule are marked below:

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Sigma and pi bond in ${\text{NH}}_{\text{2}}\text{OH}$ has to be designated by drawing its Lewis structure.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to (a).

Explanation of Solution

Given molecule is ${\text{NH}}_{\text{2}}\text{OH}$.

The Lewis electron dot structure for ${\text{NH}}_{\text{2}}\text{OH}$ is given below:

.

Sigma bond and pi bonds in the molecule are marked below:

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Sigma and pi bond in ${\text{CH}}_{\text{2}}\text{CHCHO}$ has to be designated by drawing its Lewis structure.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to (a).

Explanation of Solution

Given molecule is ${\text{CH}}_{\text{2}}\text{CHCHO}$.

The Lewis electron dot structure for ${\text{CH}}_{\text{2}}\text{CHCHO}$ is given below:

.

Sigma bond and pi bonds in the molecule are marked below:

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Sigma and pi bond in ${\text{CH}}_{\text{3}}\text{CH}\left(\text{OH}\right)\text{COOH}$ has to be designated by drawing its Lewis structure.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to (a).

Explanation of Solution

Given molecule is ${\text{CH}}_{\text{3}}\text{CH}\left(\text{OH}\right)\text{COOH}$.

The Lewis electron dot structure for ${\text{CH}}_{\text{3}}\text{CH}\left(\text{OH}\right)\text{COOH}$ is given below:

Sigma bond and pi bonds in the molecule are marked below: