Chapter 6.15, Problem 40P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

It should be identified that the reaction between $\text{2-butene}\text{ and HBr}$ is regioselective or not.

Concept introduction:

Regioselective: The reaction is considered as regioselective if it gives rise to specific constitutional isomer.

Constitutional Isomers: Two compounds are considered as constitutional isomers if they have same molecular formula but different in their connectivity.

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

In addition reaction of alkenes when two substituents are placed on same side of $C=C$ then it is named as $syn$ addition if it is placed on opposite sides of $C=C$ it is defined as anti-addition.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Carbocation stability order:

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

It should be identified that the reaction between $\text{2-butene}\text{ and HBr}$ is stereo selective or not.

Concept introduction:

Stereo selective: The reaction is considered as stereo selective if it gives rise to only specific stereo isomer.

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

In addition reaction of alkenes when two substituents are placed on same side of $C=C$ then it is named as $syn$ addition if it is placed on opposite sides of $C=C$ it is defined as anti-addition.

Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation.

Geometric isomers: Two compounds are considered as geometric isomers of each other if both contains same number of atoms but different in their arrangement that is compound is regarded as cis if identical substituents are placed on same side and trans if they are placed on the opposite sides.

E configuration: The geometric isomers are given E configuration if high priority groups are placed on opposite sides of the bond.

Z configuration: The geometric isomers are given Z configuration if high priority groups are placed on same sides of the bond.

Erythro product: It is the representation of carbohydrates in Fischer projection when two same substituents are placed on the same side.

Threo product: It is the representation of carbohydrates in Fischer projection when two same substituents are placed on opposite side.

R and S nomenclature: it is used to assign the molecule using CIP rules.

The CIP rules are as follows:

Select the chiral carbon and assign the numbers according to the decreasing atomic mass of atoms attached to it.

If the numbering follows clockwise direction then the molecule is termed as R and if it follows anti-clockwise direction then molecule is termed as S.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Carbocation stability order:

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

It should be identified that the reaction between $\text{2-butene}\text{ and HBr}$ is stereo specific or not.

Concept introduction:

Stereo specific: The reaction is considered as stereo specific if the reactant is stereo isomers that give rise to different set of stereo isomers.

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

In addition reaction of alkenes when two substituents are placed on same side of $C=C$ then it is named as $syn$ addition if it is placed on opposite sides of $C=C$ it is defined as anti-addition.

Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation.

Geometric isomers: Two compounds are considered as geometric isomers of each other if both contains same number of atoms but different in their arrangement that is compound is regarded as cis if identical substituents are placed on same side and trans if they are placed on the opposite sides.

E configuration: The geometric isomers are given E configuration if high priority groups are placed on opposite sides of the bond.

Z configuration: The geometric isomers are given Z configuration if high priority groups are placed on same sides of the bond.

Erythro product: It is the representation of carbohydrates in Fischer projection when two same substituents are placed on the same side.

Threo product: It is the representation of carbohydrates in Fischer projection when two same substituents are placed on opposite side.

R and S nomenclature: it is used to assign the molecule using CIP rules.

The CIP rules are as follows:

Select the chiral carbon and assign the numbers according to the decreasing atomic mass of atoms attached to it.

If the numbering follows clockwise direction then the molecule is termed as R and if it follows anti-clockwise direction then molecule is termed as S.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Carbocation stability order:

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

It should be identified that the reaction between $\text{1-butene}\text{ and HBr}$ is regioselective or not.

Concept introduction:

Regioselective: The reaction is considered as regioselective if it gives rise to specific constitutional isomer.

Geometric isomers: Two compounds are considered as geometric isomers of each other if both contains same number of atoms but different in their arrangement that is compound is regarded as cis if identical substituents are placed on same side and trans if they are placed on the opposite sides.

E configuration: The geometric isomers are given E configuration if high priority groups are placed on opposite sides of the bond.

Z configuration: The geometric isomers are given Z configuration if high priority groups are placed on same sides of the bond.

Erythro product: It is the representation of carbohydrates in Fischer projection when two same substituents are placed on the same side.

Threo product: It is the representation of carbohydrates in Fischer projection when two same substituents are placed on opposite side.

R and S nomenclature: it is used to assign the molecule using CIP rules.

The CIP rules are as follows:

Select the chiral carbon and assign the numbers according to the decreasing atomic mass of atoms attached to it.

If the numbering follows clockwise direction then the molecule is termed as R and if it follows anti-clockwise direction then molecule is termed as S.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Carbocation stability order:

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

It should be identified that the reaction between $\text{1-butene}\text{ and HBr}$ is stereo selective or not.

Concept introduction:

Stereo selective: The reaction is considered as stereo selective if it gives rise to only specific stereo isomer.

Geometric isomers: Two compounds are considered as geometric isomers of each other if both contains same number of atoms but different in their arrangement that is compound is regarded as cis if identical substituents are placed on same side and trans if they are placed on the opposite sides.

E configuration: The geometric isomers are given E configuration if high priority groups are placed on opposite sides of the bond.

Z configuration: The geometric isomers are given Z configuration if high priority groups are placed on same sides of the bond.

Erythro product: It is the representation of carbohydrates in Fischer projection when two same substituents are placed on the same side.

Threo product: It is the representation of carbohydrates in Fischer projection when two same substituents are placed on opposite side.

R and S nomenclature: it is used to assign the molecule using CIP rules.

The CIP rules are as follows:

Select the chiral carbon and assign the numbers according to the decreasing atomic mass of atoms attached to it.

If the numbering follows clockwise direction then the molecule is termed as R and if it follows anti-clockwise direction then molecule is termed as S.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Carbocation stability order:

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

It should be identified that the reaction between $\text{1-butene}\text{ and HBr}$ is stereo specific or not.

Concept introduction:

Stereo specific: The reaction is considered as stereo specific if the reactant is stereo isomers that give rise to different set of stereo isomers.

Geometric isomers: Two compounds are considered as geometric isomers of each other if both contains same number of atoms but different in their arrangement that is compound is regarded as cis if identical substituents are placed on same side and trans if they are placed on the opposite sides.

E configuration: The geometric isomers are given E configuration if high priority groups are placed on opposite sides of the bond.

Z configuration: The geometric isomers are given Z configuration if high priority groups are placed on same sides of the bond.

Erythro product: It is the representation of carbohydrates in Fischer projection when two same substituents are placed on the same side.

Threo product: It is the representation of carbohydrates in Fischer projection when two same substituents are placed on opposite side.

R and S nomenclature: it is used to assign the molecule using CIP rules.

The CIP rules are as follows:

Select the chiral carbon and assign the numbers according to the decreasing atomic mass of atoms attached to it.

If the numbering follows clockwise direction then the molecule is termed as R and if it follows anti-clockwise direction then molecule is termed as S.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Carbocation stability order: