Chapter 6.13, Problem 48P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The stereoisomer products for the given reaction should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophile: Nucleophiles are electron rich compounds which donates electrons to electrophilic compounds which results in bond formation.

Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation.

Electrophilic addition: It is a type of addition reaction in which the pi bond present in the molecule breaks as the electrophile approaches and results in the formation of product with sigma bond.

In addition reaction of alkenes when two substituents approaches same side of $C=C$ then it is named as $syn$ addition if it is on opposite sides of $C=C$ it is defined as anti-addition.

Oxidation Reaction: It involves loss of electrons, addition of oxygen atoms or removal of hydrogen atoms.

E configuration: The geometric isomers are given E configuration if high priority groups are placed on opposite sides of the bond.

Z configuration: The geometric isomers are given Z configuration if high priority groups are placed on same sides of the bond.

$Erythro$ Product: It is the representation of carbohydrates in Fischer projection when two same substituents are placed on the same side.

$Threo$ Product: It is the representation of carbohydrates in Fischer projection when two same substituents are placed on opposite side.

Stereo specific: The reaction is considered as stereo specific if the reactant is stereo isomers that give rise to different set of stereo isomers.

Stereoisomers: Two compounds with same molecular formula but different in their orientation are considered as isomers.

The presence of atom with non-super impossible mirror image is defined as enantiomers which are given $\text{R and S}$ configuration based on the atoms bonded with them.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The stereoisomer products for the given reaction should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophile: Nucleophiles are electron rich compounds which donates electrons to electrophilic compounds which results in bond formation.

Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation.

Electrophilic addition: It is a type of addition reaction in which the pi bond present in the molecule breaks as the electrophile approaches and results in the formation of product with sigma bond.

In addition reaction of alkenes when two substituents approaches same side of $C=C$ then it is named as $syn$ addition if it is on opposite sides of $C=C$ it is defined as anti-addition.

Oxidation Reaction: It involves loss of electrons, addition of oxygen atoms or removal of hydrogen atoms.

E configuration: The geometric isomers are given E configuration if high priority groups are placed on opposite sides of the bond.

Z configuration: The geometric isomers are given Z configuration if high priority groups are placed on same sides of the bond.

$Erythro$ Product: It is the representation of carbohydrates in Fischer projection when two same substituents are placed on the same side.

$Threo$ Product: It is the representation of carbohydrates in Fischer projection when two same substituents are placed on opposite side.

Stereo specific: The reaction is considered as stereo specific if the reactant is stereo isomers that give rise to different set of stereo isomers.

Stereoisomers: Two compounds with same molecular formula but different in their orientation are considered as isomers.

The presence of atom with non-super impossible mirror image is defined as enantiomers which are given $\text{R and S}$ configuration based on the atoms bonded with them.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The stereoisomer products for the given reaction should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophile: Nucleophiles are electron rich compounds which donates electrons to electrophilic compounds which results in bond formation.

Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation.

Electrophilic addition: It is a type of addition reaction in which the pi bond present in the molecule breaks as the electrophile approaches and results in the formation of product with sigma bond.

Oxidation Reaction: It involves loss of electrons, addition of oxygen atoms or removal of hydrogen atoms.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of phi bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

First step is the acid donates proton to the alkene which leads to the formation of more stable carbo cation.

Then, the water is added to the given alkene through acid catalyzed reaction where the water gets added to the carbo cation finally, the removal of one proton from oxonium ion (oxygen with one positive charge) using water results in the formation of product.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Carbocation stability order:

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The stereoisomer products for the given reaction should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophile: Nucleophiles are electron rich compounds which donates electrons to electrophilic compounds which results in bond formation.

Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation.

Electrophilic addition: It is a type of addition reaction in which the pi bond present in the molecule breaks as the electrophile approaches and results in the formation of product with sigma bond.

In addition reaction of alkenes when two substituents approaches same side of $C=C$ then it is named as $syn$ addition if it is on opposite sides of $C=C$ it is defined as anti-addition.

Oxidation Reaction: It involves loss of electrons, addition of oxygen atoms or removal of hydrogen atoms.

E configuration: The geometric isomers are given E configuration if high priority groups are placed on opposite sides of the bond.

Z configuration: The geometric isomers are given Z configuration if high priority groups are placed on same sides of the bond.

$Erythro$ Product: It is the representation of carbohydrates in Fischer projection when two same substituents are placed on the same side.

$Threo$ Product: It is the representation of carbohydrates in Fischer projection when two same substituents are placed on opposite side.

Stereo specific: The reaction is considered as stereo specific if the reactant is stereo isomers that give rise to different set of stereo isomers.

Stereoisomers: Two compounds with same molecular formula but different in their orientation are considered as isomers.

The presence of atom with non-super impossible mirror image is defined as enantiomers which are given $\text{R and S}$ configuration based on the atoms bonded with them.