Chapter 6.13, Problem 41P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The alkene used to prepare the given compounds should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophile: Nucleophiles are electron rich compounds which donates electrons to electrophilic compounds which results in bond formation.

Nucleophilic nature depends on the negative charge present in the molecule, the solvent in which it present and the electronegativity of the atom.

Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation.

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Electrophilic addition: It is a type of addition reaction in which the pi bond present in the molecule breaks as the electrophile approaches and results in the formation of product with sigma bond.

Oxidation Reaction: It involves loss of electrons, addition of oxygen atoms or removal of hydrogen atoms.

Epoxide: It is 3 membered ring in which 2 carbons and 1 oxygen atom present.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The other set of enantiomers for the given compound should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Enantiomers: They are chiral molecules whose mirror images are not superimposable.

R and S nomenclature: it is used to assign the molecule using CIP rules.

The CIP rules are as follows:

Select the chiral carbon and assign the numbers according to the decreasing atomic mass of atoms attached to it.

If the numbering follows clockwise direction then the molecule is termed as R and if it follows anti-clockwise direction then molecule is termed as S.

E configuration: The geometric isomers are given E configuration if high priority groups are placed on opposite sides of the bond.

Z configuration: The geometric isomers are given Z configuration if high priority groups are placed on same sides of the bond.

$Erythro$ Product: It is the representation of carbohydrates in Fischer projection when two same substituents are placed on the same side.

$Threo$ Product: It is the representation of carbohydrates in Fischer projection when two same substituents are placed on opposite side.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The configuration for the given compounds should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Enantiomers: They are chiral molecules whose mirror images are not superimposable.

R and S nomenclature: it is used to assign the molecule using CIP rules.

The CIP rules are as follows:

Select the chiral carbon and assign the numbers according to the decreasing atomic mass of atoms attached to it.

If the numbering follows clockwise direction then the molecule is termed as R and if it follows anti-clockwise direction then molecule is termed as S.

E configuration: The geometric isomers are given E configuration if high priority groups are placed on opposite sides of the bond.

Z configuration: The geometric isomers are given Z configuration if high priority groups are placed on same sides of the bond.

$Erythro$ Product: It is the representation of carbohydrates in Fischer projection when two same substituents are placed on the same side.

$Threo$ Product: It is the representation of carbohydrates in Fischer projection when two same substituents are placed on opposite side.