Chemistry: Structure and Properties Custom Edition for Rutgers University General Chemistry
15th Edition
ISBN: 9781269935678
Author: Nivaldo J. Tro
Publisher: Pearson Education
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Chapter 6, Problem 82E
Phosgene (Cl2CO) is a poisonous gas that was used as a chemical weapon during World War I. It is a potential agent for chemical terrorism today. Draw the Lewis structure of phosgene. Include all three resonance forms by alternating the double bond among the three terminal atoms. Which resonance structure is the best?
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Students have asked these similar questions
Acetylene gas (ethyne; HC≡CH) burns with oxygen in an oxyacetylene torch to produce carbon dioxide, water vapor, and the heat needed to weld metals. The heat of combustion for acetylene is −1259 kJ/mol. Calculate the C≡C bond energy.
The average bond energies (kJ/mol)
C―H
413
C―C
347
C═C
620
H―H
436
O―O
142
O═O
498
H―O
467
C―O
351
C═O
799
In chemical reactions, heat is converted into chemical energy (the potential energy stored
in chemical bonds) or vice versa. Bond energy is the energy required to break one mole of
the bond in the gas phase. Since it takes energy to break a bond, bond energies are
always positive. Conversely, energy is released when bonds are formed. Thus, the
enthalpy change for a reaction can be approximated from
Part A
Calculate the bond energy per mole for breaking all the bonds in methane, CH4.
ΔΗ
Σ(ΔΗ breaking) + Σ(ΔΗ forming)
Express your answer to four significant figures and include the appropriate units.
where H represents bond energies for the breaking (positive bond energy) or forming
(negative bond energy) of a bond and Hrxn represents the overall enthalpy for the
• View Available Hint(s)
reaction.
Use the table to answer questions about bond energies.
HẢ
Bond energy
Bond
(kJ/mol )
Value
Units
AHCH, =
C-C
347
C=C
611
Submit
Сн
414
C-O
360
Part B
C=OinCO2
799
O-0
142
Calculate the bond…
2. Avogadro does not "waste" his time drawing a Lewis structure before
determining the shape of PF3. He thinks that the shape of PF3 must be trigonal
planar because there are three fluorine atoms bonded to the central
phosphorus atom.
a. Draw the Lewis structure for PF3.
b. Was Avogadro's answer for the shape of a PF3 molecule correct? Explain
c. Why is it important to draw the Lewis structure for a molecule before
identifying the shape of the molecule?
3. Draw the Lewis structure of ozone, O3. Describe why ozone has a bent shape
instead of a linear shape.
Chapter 6 Solutions
Chemistry: Structure and Properties Custom Edition for Rutgers University General Chemistry
Ch. 6 - Which set of elements is arranged in order of...Ch. 6 - Prob. 2SAQCh. 6 - Which pair of atoms forms the most polar bond? C...Ch. 6 - Which pair of atoms forms a nonpolar covalent...Ch. 6 - Prob. 5SAQCh. 6 - Prob. 6SAQCh. 6 - Prob. 7SAQCh. 6 - Prob. 8SAQCh. 6 - Prob. 9SAQCh. 6 - Prob. 10SAQ
Ch. 6 - Prob. 11SAQCh. 6 - Predict the relative bond angles in BF3 and SO2Ch. 6 - Predict the molecular geometry about N in the...Ch. 6 - Which molecule is polar?Ch. 6 - What is electronegativity? What are the periodic...Ch. 6 - Explain the difference between a pure covalent...Ch. 6 - What is meant by the percent ionic character of a...Ch. 6 - Prob. 4ECh. 6 - What is the magnitude of the dipole moment formed...Ch. 6 - What is the basic procedure for writing a covalent...Ch. 6 - How do you determine the number of electrons that...Ch. 6 - What are resonance structures? What is a resonance...Ch. 6 - Prob. 9ECh. 6 - Prob. 10ECh. 6 - Prob. 11ECh. 6 - Prob. 12ECh. 6 - What is bond energy?Ch. 6 - Give some examples of some typical bond lengths....Ch. 6 - Why is molecular geometry important? Cite some...Ch. 6 - According to VSEPR theory, what determines the...Ch. 6 - Name and draw the five basic electron geometries,...Ch. 6 - Explain the difference between electron geometry...Ch. 6 - List the correct electron and molecular geometries...Ch. 6 - How do you apply VSEPR theory to predict the shape...Ch. 6 - How do you determine if a molecule is polar?Ch. 6 - Why is polarity a key connection between the...Ch. 6 - Prob. 23ECh. 6 - Determine if a bond between each pair of atoms...Ch. 6 - Prob. 25ECh. 6 - Draw the Lewis structure for BrF with an arrow...Ch. 6 - Prob. 27ECh. 6 - Write the Lewis structure for each molecule. NF3...Ch. 6 - Prob. 29ECh. 6 - Write the Lewis structure for each molecule. CH2O...Ch. 6 - Prob. 31ECh. 6 - Prob. 32ECh. 6 - Write the Lewis structure for each molecule or ion...Ch. 6 - Prob. 34ECh. 6 - Write a Lewis structure that obeys the octet rule...Ch. 6 - Prob. 36ECh. 6 - Use formal charge to determine which Lewis...Ch. 6 - Prob. 38ECh. 6 - How important is this resonance structure to the...Ch. 6 - Prob. 40ECh. 6 - Prob. 41ECh. 6 - Prob. 42ECh. 6 - Determine the formal charges of the atoms shown in...Ch. 6 - Prob. 44ECh. 6 - Prob. 45ECh. 6 - Write the Lewis structure for each molecule (octet...Ch. 6 - Prob. 47ECh. 6 - Write Lewis structures for each molecule or ion....Ch. 6 - Prob. 49ECh. 6 - Write Lewis structures for each molecule or ion....Ch. 6 - List these compounds in order of increasing...Ch. 6 - Which of these compounds has the stronger...Ch. 6 - A molecule with the formula AB3 has a trigonal...Ch. 6 - A molecule with the formula AB3 has a trigonal...Ch. 6 - For each molecular geometry shown here, list the...Ch. 6 - For each molecular geometry shown here, list the...Ch. 6 - Determine the electron geometry, molecular...Ch. 6 - Determine the electron geometry, molecular...Ch. 6 - Which species has the smaller bond angle, H3O+ or...Ch. 6 - Which species has the smaller bond angle; C1O4- or...Ch. 6 - Determine the molecular geometry and draw each...Ch. 6 - Determine the molecular geometry and draw each...Ch. 6 - Determine the molecular geometry about each...Ch. 6 - Prob. 64ECh. 6 - Prob. 65ECh. 6 - Prob. 66ECh. 6 - Prob. 67ECh. 6 - Determine the geometry about each interior atom in...Ch. 6 - Explain why CO2 and CCl4 are both nonpolar even...Ch. 6 - CH3F is a polar molecule, even though the...Ch. 6 - Determine whether each molecule in Exercise 57 is...Ch. 6 - Prob. 72ECh. 6 - Determine whether each molecule or ion is polar or...Ch. 6 - Determine whether each molecule is polar or...Ch. 6 - Each compound contains both ionic and covalent...Ch. 6 - Prob. 76ECh. 6 - Carbon ring structures are common in organic...Ch. 6 - Prob. 78ECh. 6 - Prob. 79ECh. 6 - Diazomethane is a highly poisonous, explosive...Ch. 6 - Prob. 81ECh. 6 - Phosgene (Cl2CO) is a poisonous gas that was used...Ch. 6 - The cyanate ion (OCN-) and the fulminate ion...Ch. 6 - Prob. 84ECh. 6 - Prob. 85ECh. 6 - Prob. 86ECh. 6 - Prob. 87ECh. 6 - Prob. 88ECh. 6 - Prob. 89ECh. 6 - Free radicals are important in many...Ch. 6 - A compound composed of only carbon and hydrogen is...Ch. 6 - A compound composed of only carbon and chlorine is...Ch. 6 - Prob. 93ECh. 6 - The genetic code is based on four different bases...Ch. 6 - Prob. 95ECh. 6 - Prob. 96ECh. 6 - Prob. 97ECh. 6 - A 0.167-g sample of an unknown compound contains...Ch. 6 - Use the dipole moments of HF and HCI (given at the...Ch. 6 - One form of phosphorus exists as P4 molecules....Ch. 6 - A compound has the formula C8H8 and does not...Ch. 6 - Prob. 102ECh. 6 - The bond angles increase steadily in the series...Ch. 6 - Draw the Lewis structure for acetamide (CH3CONH2),...Ch. 6 - Prob. 105ECh. 6 - In the very first chapter of this book, we...Ch. 6 - Which statement best captures the fundamental idea...Ch. 6 - Prob. 108E
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Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, chemistry and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- Consider the pyrosulfate ion, S2O72-. It has no sulfur–sulfur nor oxygen–oxygen bonds. (a) Write a Lewis structure for the pyrosulfate ion using only single bonds. (b) What is the formal charge on the sulfur atoms for the Lewis structure you drew in part (a)? (c) Write another Lewis structure using six bonds and two O—S bonds. (d) What is the formal charge on each atom for the structure you drew in part (c)?arrow_forwardWrite all resonance structures of chlorobenzene, C6H5Cl, a molecule with the same cyclic structure as benzene. In all structures, keep the CCl bond as a single bond. Which resonance structures are the most important?arrow_forwardWrite the Lewis structure for nitrosyl fluoride, FNO. Using only a periodic table, identify (a) which is the longer bond. (b) which is the stronger bond. (c) which is the more polar bond.arrow_forward
- The electrostatic potential surface for SOCl2 is pictured here. (a) Draw a Lewis electron dot picture for the molecule, and give the formal charge of each atom. (b) What is the molecular geometry of SOCl2? Is it polar?arrow_forwardColumn I: Draw the best Lewis structure. Label any atoms with nonzero formal charge. Column II: List the total number of major resonance contributors and draw at least two (if they exist). Column III: How many electron groups are around the central atom? Column IV: What is the electron geometry? Column V: What is the molecular geometry? Possible answers: linear, trigonal planar, tetrahedral, trigonal bipyramidal, octahedral, bent, trigonal pyramidal, see-saw, T-shaped, square pyramidal, square planar). Column VI: Give values of the bond angles around the central atom. (for example, 109.5°, less than 109.5°, 120°, less than 120°, etc.). Column VII: Give the hybridization of the central atom. Column VIII: State how many sigma bonds and pi bonds are present in the molecule or ion. Column IX: Is the molecule polar or non-polar?arrow_forward10.) The structural formula of a certain aldehyde (related to formaldehyde) is H3C-CH2-CHO. Draw a Lewis structure for this aldehyde and determine the number of bonds present. Note that a single or a double or a triple bond counts as one bond. Write the number, not the word.arrow_forward
- Consider the following ion: BrO3−. a) Show the full electron configuration for Br. b) Draw the most correct Lewis structure for BrO3− and briefly explain why your Lewis structure is correct. c) If the structure is stabilised by resonance, draw at least one of the possible resonance forms. If it is not stabilised by resonance, briefly explain why. d) What is the electronic geometry of BrO3−? What is its molecular shape? e) Does BrO3− have a dipole moment? Briefly justify your answer. f) On average, would you expect IO3− to have longer or shorter bonds than BrO3−? Briefly explain your answer. g) Which of the following molecules would you expect to have the lowest vapour pressure? Briefly explain your choice. h) What is the molecular formula for Compound C? What is the empirical formula for Compound C? Please andwer f, g and h the image is for g and harrow_forwardConsider the following ion: BrO3−. a) Show the full electron configuration for Br. b) Draw the most correct Lewis structure for BrO3− and briefly explain why your Lewis structure is correct. c) If the structure is stabilised by resonance, draw at least one of the possible resonance forms. If it is not stabilised by resonance, briefly explain why. d) What is the electronic geometry of BrO3−? What is its molecular shape? e) Does BrO3− have a dipole moment? Briefly justify your answer. f) On average, would you expect IO3− to have longer or shorter bonds than BrO3−? Briefly explain your answer. g) Which of the following molecules would you expect to have the lowest vapour pressure? Briefly explain your choice. (IMAGE WITH POSSIBILITIES) h) What is the molecular formula for Compound C? What is the empirical formula for Compound C?arrow_forwardConsider the following ion: BrO3−. a) Show the full electron configuration for Br. b) Draw the most correct Lewis structure for BrO3− and briefly explain why your Lewis structure is correct. c) If the structure is stabilised by resonance, draw at least one of the possible resonance forms. If it is not stabilised by resonance, briefly explain why. d) What is the electronic geometry of BrO3−? What is its molecular shape? e) Does BrO3− have a dipole moment? Briefly justify your answer. f) On average, would you expect IO3− to have longer or shorter bonds than BrO3−? Briefly explain your answer. g) Which of the following molecules would you expect to have the lowest vapour pressure? Briefly explain your choice. h) What is the molecular formula for Compound C? What is the empirical formula for Compound C? please answer c, d and earrow_forward
- The carbonate anion, CO32- , is a resonance hybrid. Draw all of the important resonance structures for this molecule. If an atom has a nonzero formal charge, be sure the formal charge is shown clearly in the structure. Use the resonance structures to calculate the average formal charge on each O atom (which are all equivalent in the "true" structure). [Note: all of the important contributing resonance structures have octets around each atom that desires an octet.]arrow_forwardGive ∆H(reaction) in kj/molarrow_forwardThe table below includes the bond enthalpy (the energy required to separate the diatomic molecule into its atoms) and the bond length for each diatomic molecule. Diatomic Molecule Bond Enthalpy (kJ/mol) Bond Length (pm) Cl2 243 199 O2 498 121 N2 945 110 Identify the observed trend between bond enthalpy and number of shared electrons: as the number of electrons shared between two atoms increases, the bond enthalpy ( increases / decreases / remains unchanged ). Identify the observed trend between bond length and number of shared electrons: as the number of electrons shared between two atoms increases, the bond length ( increases / decreases / remains unchanged ).arrow_forward
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