Many classification schemes are used to identify bacteria. These start with Gram staining , progress to morphology and arrangement characteristics, and include a battery of metabolic tests. Build an analogous scheme that could be used to identify viruses. You might start by considering the host, or you might start with viruses found in a particular environment, such as a marine filtrate.

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Answer 1

Textbook Question

Chapter 6, Problem 1CHI

Many classification schemes are used to identify bacteria. These start with Gram staining, progress to morphology and arrangement characteristics, and include a battery of metabolic tests. Build an analogous scheme that could be used to identify viruses. You might start by considering the host, or you might start with viruses found in a particular environment, such as a marine filtrate.

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

Virion refers to the complete virus particle and a simplest virion comprise only a nucleocapsid and capsid. Nucleocapsid possesses a nucleic acid (RNA or DNA), and a capsid refers to a protein coat. Enveloped virus refers to the viruses possessing an envelope, whereas naked or non-enveloped virus refers to those viruses lacking an envelope. Capsid symmetry is of three types, namely complex, icosahedral, and helical. Most of the viruses possess either helical or icosahedral capsids. Virus is a distinct group of infectious agent responsible for causing several diseases in human. They can exist both intracellularly and extracellularly. Viruses have the ability to infect all known cell types, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, protists, plants, and animals.

Explanation of Solution

Primarily, students should determine various characteristic features of viruses that are appropriately common to differentiate them into two to three major groups and then categorize them further.

The content of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) of viruses should be determined first. Further, other characteristics such as capsid geometry (complex, icosahedral, and helical), host cell (bacteria, archaea, fungi, protists, plants, and animals), presence of envelope (non-enveloped or enveloped), and natural environment could also be considered. However, students could not propose any of the biochemical tests as viruses are known to be metabolically inactive. Also, viruses neither could be classified based on oxygen requirements (aerobic or anaerobic) nor motility.

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Question #3: In the KeyGene paper, the authors state that it would be useful if pollen from an apomict would transmit apomixis-inducing genes to the female in the cross (assuming the pollen is viable). Assuming there was just one gene conferring gametophytic obligate apomixis, and that the two parents are inbreds, what would be the consequences of such a cross if: a) The apomixis was a dominant trait? Indicate the genotypes and phenotypes (apomict or non- apomict) of the parents, F1 and F2 generations. Remember to include the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios (or percentages) in the F1 and F2 generations, and to position the female first (left side) in the parental cross. b) The apomixis was a recessive trait? Indicate the genotypes and phenotypes (apomict or non- apomict) of the parents, F1 and F2 generations. Remember to include the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios (or percentages) in the F1 and F2 generations, and to position the female first (left side) in the…

Question #5: Assume that two genes are identified that confer gametophytic facultative apomixis in soybean. The genes show independent assortment. Recessive alleles at both loci are required for the facultative apomixis. Facultative apomixis is triggered when the temperature at pollination is above 20 degrees C. At temperatures below 20 degrees C, all reproduction is sexual, independent of genotype. A facultative apomict male, capable of producing viable pollen, was crossed with a sexually reproducing female. Assuming the parents are completely inbred, what are the predicted phenotypic ratios (apomict: non-apomict) for the F1, F2, and DH (F1-derived) generations at each of the following temperatures*: a) 15°C? b) 25°C? *for full credit, show crosses and genotypes where appropriate. Remember to position the female first (left side) in the cross. Type your answer here:

Answer 2

Textbook Question

Chapter 6, Problem 1CHI

Many classification schemes are used to identify bacteria. These start with Gram staining, progress to morphology and arrangement characteristics, and include a battery of metabolic tests. Build an analogous scheme that could be used to identify viruses. You might start by considering the host, or you might start with viruses found in a particular environment, such as a marine filtrate.

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

Virion refers to the complete virus particle and a simplest virion comprise only a nucleocapsid and capsid. Nucleocapsid possesses a nucleic acid (RNA or DNA), and a capsid refers to a protein coat. Enveloped virus refers to the viruses possessing an envelope, whereas naked or non-enveloped virus refers to those viruses lacking an envelope. Capsid symmetry is of three types, namely complex, icosahedral, and helical. Most of the viruses possess either helical or icosahedral capsids. Virus is a distinct group of infectious agent responsible for causing several diseases in human. They can exist both intracellularly and extracellularly. Viruses have the ability to infect all known cell types, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, protists, plants, and animals.

Explanation of Solution

Primarily, students should determine various characteristic features of viruses that are appropriately common to differentiate them into two to three major groups and then categorize them further.

The content of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) of viruses should be determined first. Further, other characteristics such as capsid geometry (complex, icosahedral, and helical), host cell (bacteria, archaea, fungi, protists, plants, and animals), presence of envelope (non-enveloped or enveloped), and natural environment could also be considered. However, students could not propose any of the biochemical tests as viruses are known to be metabolically inactive. Also, viruses neither could be classified based on oxygen requirements (aerobic or anaerobic) nor motility.

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Answer 3

Textbook Question

Chapter 6, Problem 1CHI

Many classification schemes are used to identify bacteria. These start with Gram staining, progress to morphology and arrangement characteristics, and include a battery of metabolic tests. Build an analogous scheme that could be used to identify viruses. You might start by considering the host, or you might start with viruses found in a particular environment, such as a marine filtrate.

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

Virion refers to the complete virus particle and a simplest virion comprise only a nucleocapsid and capsid. Nucleocapsid possesses a nucleic acid (RNA or DNA), and a capsid refers to a protein coat. Enveloped virus refers to the viruses possessing an envelope, whereas naked or non-enveloped virus refers to those viruses lacking an envelope. Capsid symmetry is of three types, namely complex, icosahedral, and helical. Most of the viruses possess either helical or icosahedral capsids. Virus is a distinct group of infectious agent responsible for causing several diseases in human. They can exist both intracellularly and extracellularly. Viruses have the ability to infect all known cell types, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, protists, plants, and animals.

Explanation of Solution

Primarily, students should determine various characteristic features of viruses that are appropriately common to differentiate them into two to three major groups and then categorize them further.

The content of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) of viruses should be determined first. Further, other characteristics such as capsid geometry (complex, icosahedral, and helical), host cell (bacteria, archaea, fungi, protists, plants, and animals), presence of envelope (non-enveloped or enveloped), and natural environment could also be considered. However, students could not propose any of the biochemical tests as viruses are known to be metabolically inactive. Also, viruses neither could be classified based on oxygen requirements (aerobic or anaerobic) nor motility.

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Answer 4

Textbook Question

Chapter 6, Problem 1CHI

Many classification schemes are used to identify bacteria. These start with Gram staining, progress to morphology and arrangement characteristics, and include a battery of metabolic tests. Build an analogous scheme that could be used to identify viruses. You might start by considering the host, or you might start with viruses found in a particular environment, such as a marine filtrate.

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

Virion refers to the complete virus particle and a simplest virion comprise only a nucleocapsid and capsid. Nucleocapsid possesses a nucleic acid (RNA or DNA), and a capsid refers to a protein coat. Enveloped virus refers to the viruses possessing an envelope, whereas naked or non-enveloped virus refers to those viruses lacking an envelope. Capsid symmetry is of three types, namely complex, icosahedral, and helical. Most of the viruses possess either helical or icosahedral capsids. Virus is a distinct group of infectious agent responsible for causing several diseases in human. They can exist both intracellularly and extracellularly. Viruses have the ability to infect all known cell types, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, protists, plants, and animals.

Explanation of Solution

Primarily, students should determine various characteristic features of viruses that are appropriately common to differentiate them into two to three major groups and then categorize them further.

The content of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) of viruses should be determined first. Further, other characteristics such as capsid geometry (complex, icosahedral, and helical), host cell (bacteria, archaea, fungi, protists, plants, and animals), presence of envelope (non-enveloped or enveloped), and natural environment could also be considered. However, students could not propose any of the biochemical tests as viruses are known to be metabolically inactive. Also, viruses neither could be classified based on oxygen requirements (aerobic or anaerobic) nor motility.

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Answer 5

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Answer 6

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Answer 7

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

Virion refers to the complete virus particle and a simplest virion comprise only a nucleocapsid and capsid. Nucleocapsid possesses a nucleic acid (RNA or DNA), and a capsid refers to a protein coat. Enveloped virus refers to the viruses possessing an envelope, whereas naked or non-enveloped virus refers to those viruses lacking an envelope. Capsid symmetry is of three types, namely complex, icosahedral, and helical. Most of the viruses possess either helical or icosahedral capsids. Virus is a distinct group of infectious agent responsible for causing several diseases in human. They can exist both intracellularly and extracellularly. Viruses have the ability to infect all known cell types, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, protists, plants, and animals.

Explanation of Solution

Primarily, students should determine various characteristic features of viruses that are appropriately common to differentiate them into two to three major groups and then categorize them further.

The content of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) of viruses should be determined first. Further, other characteristics such as capsid geometry (complex, icosahedral, and helical), host cell (bacteria, archaea, fungi, protists, plants, and animals), presence of envelope (non-enveloped or enveloped), and natural environment could also be considered. However, students could not propose any of the biochemical tests as viruses are known to be metabolically inactive. Also, viruses neither could be classified based on oxygen requirements (aerobic or anaerobic) nor motility.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

Virion refers to the complete virus particle and a simplest virion comprise only a nucleocapsid and capsid. Nucleocapsid possesses a nucleic acid (RNA or DNA), and a capsid refers to a protein coat. Enveloped virus refers to the viruses possessing an envelope, whereas naked or non-enveloped virus refers to those viruses lacking an envelope. Capsid symmetry is of three types, namely complex, icosahedral, and helical. Most of the viruses possess either helical or icosahedral capsids. Virus is a distinct group of infectious agent responsible for causing several diseases in human. They can exist both intracellularly and extracellularly. Viruses have the ability to infect all known cell types, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, protists, plants, and animals.

Explanation of Solution

Primarily, students should determine various characteristic features of viruses that are appropriately common to differentiate them into two to three major groups and then categorize them further.

The content of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) of viruses should be determined first. Further, other characteristics such as capsid geometry (complex, icosahedral, and helical), host cell (bacteria, archaea, fungi, protists, plants, and animals), presence of envelope (non-enveloped or enveloped), and natural environment could also be considered. However, students could not propose any of the biochemical tests as viruses are known to be metabolically inactive. Also, viruses neither could be classified based on oxygen requirements (aerobic or anaerobic) nor motility.

Answer 9

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Answer 10

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Answer 11

Summary Introduction

Virion refers to the complete virus particle and a simplest virion comprise only a nucleocapsid and capsid. Nucleocapsid possesses a nucleic acid (RNA or DNA), and a capsid refers to a protein coat. Enveloped virus refers to the viruses possessing an envelope, whereas naked or non-enveloped virus refers to those viruses lacking an envelope. Capsid symmetry is of three types, namely complex, icosahedral, and helical. Most of the viruses possess either helical or icosahedral capsids. Virus is a distinct group of infectious agent responsible for causing several diseases in human. They can exist both intracellularly and extracellularly. Viruses have the ability to infect all known cell types, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, protists, plants, and animals.

Answer 12

Explanation of Solution

Primarily, students should determine various characteristic features of viruses that are appropriately common to differentiate them into two to three major groups and then categorize them further.

The content of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) of viruses should be determined first. Further, other characteristics such as capsid geometry (complex, icosahedral, and helical), host cell (bacteria, archaea, fungi, protists, plants, and animals), presence of envelope (non-enveloped or enveloped), and natural environment could also be considered. However, students could not propose any of the biochemical tests as viruses are known to be metabolically inactive. Also, viruses neither could be classified based on oxygen requirements (aerobic or anaerobic) nor motility.

Answer 13

Ch. 6.2 - MICRO INQUIRY Which capsids are icosahedral? Which...Ch. 6.2 - MICRO INQUIRY Are the capsomers at the vertices of...Ch. 6.2 - MICRO INQUIRY Why is T4 said to have binal...Ch. 6.2 - Retrieve, Infer, Apply 1. How are viruses similar...Ch. 6.2 - Retrieve, Infer, Apply 2. What is the difference...Ch. 6.2 - Retrieve, Infer, Apply 3. Compare the structure of...Ch. 6.2 - Retrieve, Infer, Apply 4. What is an envelope?...Ch. 6.2 - Retrieve, Infer, Apply 5. All four nucleic acid...Ch. 6.2 - Retrieve, Infer, Apply 6. The RNA genomes of some...Ch. 6.3 - MICRO INQUIRY Which of these mechanisms involves...

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