Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences (MindTap Course List)
6th Edition
ISBN: 9781337613316
Author: Frederick J Gravetter, Lori-Ann B. Forzano
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Textbook Question
Chapter 6, Problem 11E
Describe how experimenter bias can be a threat to internal validity; that is, how can experimenter bias provide an explanation for the scores in one condition being higher than the scores in a second condition?
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You recently learned about the joy of hypothesis testing, and now you are eager to put it to use!!! You wonder if men and women differ in their perception of how well they understand political issues facing our country. Gender is recorded in the "gender" variable in the data, with 1 = female and 0 = male. Political understanding is recorded as "polunderstand" in the data and measured using the following question and response options:
I feel that I have a pretty good understanding of the important political issues facing our country.1 = strongly disagree2 = disagree3 = neither agree nor disiagree4 = agree5 = strongly agree
Based on your research question (do men and women differ in perceived political understanding), you will most likely conduct a:
Group of answer choices
Negative one-tailed test
Two-tailed test
Positive one-tailed test
In general, if sample data are such that the null hypothesis is rejected at the ? = 1% level of significance based on a two-tailed test, is H0 also rejected at the ? = 1% level of significance for a corresponding one-tailed test? Explain your answer.
A genetic experiment involving peas yielded one sample of offspring consisting of 442 green peas and 142 yellow
peas. Use a 0.01 significance level to test the claim that under the same circumstances, 24% of offspring peas will be
yellow. Identify the null hypothesis, alternative hypothesis, test statistic, P-value, conclusion about the null hypothesis,
and final conclusion that addresses the original claim. Use the P-value method and the normal distribution as an
approximation to the binomial distribution.
vval are the null and alternative hypotheses?
A. Ho: p = 0.24
H₁: p > 0.24
C. Ho: p = 0.24
H₁: p>0.24
O E. Ho: p= 0.24
H₁: p=0.24
What is the test statistic?
Z=
(Round to two decimal places as needed.)
What is the P-value?
P-value =
(Round to four decimal places as needed.)
B. Ho: p = 0.24
H₁: p= 0.24
O D. Ho: p= 0.24
H₁: p<0.24
OF. Ho: p0.24
H₁: p<0.24
What is the conclusion about the null hypothesis?
A. Fail to reject the null hypothesis because the P-value is greater than the…
Chapter 6 Solutions
Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 6.1 - Describe, compare, and contrast the five research...Ch. 6.1 - Define research strategy, research design, and...Ch. 6.2 - Define the concept of external validity and a...Ch. 6.2 - Define the concept of internal validity and a...Ch. 6.3 - Identify and explain the common threats to...Ch. 6.4 - Describe how extraneous variables can become...Ch. 6.4 - Describe how environmental variables can be...Ch. 6.5 - Define experimenter bias, demand characteristics,...Ch. 6 - In addition to the key words, you should also be...Ch. 6 - For each of the following scenarios, identify...
Ch. 6 - How is the descriptive strategy different from the...Ch. 6 - Explain the difference among the terms research...Ch. 6 - A researcher conducts a study with 6-year-old...Ch. 6 - A researcher finds that college students are more...Ch. 6 - Explain how using college students as participants...Ch. 6 - What is the novelty effect, and how does it affect...Ch. 6 - Suppose that you wake up in the morning with all...Ch. 6 - What is the primary threat to internal validity...Ch. 6 - Describe how experimenter bias can be a threat to...Ch. 6 - Describe how participant reactivity can be a...Ch. 6 - Selection bias and individual differences are both...
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- What is an experiment?arrow_forwardA genetic experiment involving peas yielded one sample of offspring consisting of 439 green peas and 160 yellow peas. Use a 0.01 significance level to test the claim that under the same circumstances, 24% of offspring peas will be yellow. Identify the null hypothesis, alternative hypothesis, test statistic, P-value, conclusion about the null hypothesis, and final conclusion that addresses the original claim. Use the P-value method and the normal distribution as an approximation to the binomial distribution. What are the null and alternative hypotheses? В. Но: р-0.24 H1: p>0.24 A. Ho: p+0.24 H1:p= 0.24 C. Ho: p#0.24 O D. Ho: p#0.24 H1:p>0.24 H1: p<0.24 O F. Ho: p= 0.24 E. Ho: p= 0.24 H1:p#0.24 H1:p<0.24 What is the test statistic? (Round to two decimal places as needed.) What is the P-value? P-value = (Round to four decimal places as needed.)arrow_forwardEmployees from Company A and Company B both receive annual bonuses. What information would you need to test the claim that the difference in annual bonuses is greater than $100 at the 0.05 level of significance? Write out the hypothesis and explain the testing procedure.arrow_forward
- Interpret, in words, what it means for a research question that a null hypothesis was accepted.arrow_forwardMultiple choicearrow_forwardAn experiment was conducted to test the effects of alcohol. The errors were recorded in a visual and motor skills test for treatment groups of people who drank ethanol, and another group was given a placebo. If we wanted to test whether the average number of errors made by those who drank ethanol differed significantly from the average number of errors made by the placebo group, then the name of the hypothesis test we would use is a) Pearson Correlation b) Independent Samples t-test c) Paired Samples t-test d) Chi-Square testarrow_forward
- I do not understand how to solve this question; if someone could show me step by step how to solve it, that would be very useful!arrow_forwardAccording to a book published in 2011, 45% of the undergraduate students in the United States show almost no gain in learning in their first two years of college (Richard Arum et al., Academically Adrift, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2011). A recent sample of 1500 undergraduate students showed that this percentage is 36%. Can you reject the null hypothesis at a 10% significance level in favor of the alternative that the percentage of undergraduate students in the United States who show almost no gain in learning in their first two years of college is currently lower than 45%. Use both the p-value and the critical-value approaches. Round your answers for the observed value of z and the critical value of z to two decimal places, and the p-value to four decimal places. Zobserved= i p-value = i Critical value = i Hence we can conclude that the percentage of undergraduate students in the U.S. who show almost no gain in learning in their first two years of college is currently v…arrow_forwardThe table below summarizes the results of a survey in which randomly selected people were asked how they felt about the use of marijuana for medical purposes. A chi-square test at a significance level of 5% is used. Feelings on Medical Marijuana In Favor Opposed Undecided Gender: Male: 538 167 29 Female: 557 186 31 What would the null hypothesis be? a. Feelings on Medical Marijuana and gender are dependent. b. Feelings on Medical Marijuana and gender are independent.arrow_forward
- In a study of 775 randomly selected medical malpractice lawsuits, it was found that 501 of them were dropped or dismissed. Use a 0.05 significance level to test the claim that most medical malpractice lawsuits are dropped or dismissed. ..... Which of the following is the hypothesis test to be conducted? O A. Ho: p0.5 О С. Но: р30.5 O D. Ho: p= 0.5 H1: p#0.5 H1:p0.5 H1: p= 0.5 What is the test statistic? Z = (Round to two decimal places as needed.) What is the P-value? P-value = (Round to three decimal places as needed.) What is the conclusion about the null hypothesis? O A. Fail to reject the null hypothesis because the P-value is greater than the significance level, a. B. Reject the null hypothesis because the P-value is less than or equal to the significance level, a. C. Fail to reject the null hypothesis because the P-value is less than or equal to the significance level, a. D. Reject the null hypothesis because the P-value is greater than the significance level, a.arrow_forwardAccording to a book published in 2011, 45% of the undergraduate students in the United States show almost no gain in learning in their first two years of college (Richard Arum et al., Academically Adrift, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2011). A recent sample of 1540 undergraduate students showed that this percentage is 37%. Can you reject the null hypothesis at a 2.5% significance level in favor of the alternative that the percentage of undergraduate students in the United States who show almost no gain in learning in their first two years of college is currently lower than 45%. Use both the p-value and the critical-value approaches. Round your answers for the observed value of z and the critical value of z to two decimal places, and the p-value to four decimal places. Zobserved = p-value = Critical value = i Hence we can conclude that the percentage of undergraduate students in the U.S. who show almost no gain in learning in their fırst two years of college is currently 45%.arrow_forwardIf a researcher rejects the null hypothesis when conducting a hypothesis test, it means that the sample data failed to provide sufficient evidence to conclude that the treatment had an effect. true or falsearrow_forward
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