BIOLOGY >PRINT UPGRADE<
BIOLOGY >PRINT UPGRADE<
11th Edition
ISBN: 9780357091586
Author: Solomon
Publisher: CENGAGE L
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Chapter 54, Problem 1TYU

A symbiotic association in which organisms are beneficial to one another is known as (a) predation (b) interspecific competition (c) intraspecific competition (d) commensalism (e) mutualism

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Summary Introduction

Introduction: Elucidation and inspection of patterns and processes within a community is known as community ecology. Communities contain large number of individuals of different species those interact with each other and are independent in various ways. Every organism mostly plays one of the three important roles of the ecosystem in community life, namely producer, consumer, or decomposer.

Answer to Problem 1TYU

Correct answer: A symbiotic association in which organisms are beneficial to one another is known as mutualism. Hence the correct answer is option (e).

Explanation of Solution

Reason for correct answer:

Option (e) is given as “mutualism”.

The type of symbiosis in which both the specie are benefited by each other is known as mutualism. The relationship is obligatory in which both species need each other for survival. For example, the association between nitrogen-fixing bacteria of the Rhizobium and the plants like beans, peas and clover. Nitrogen fixing bacteria gives the plant nitrogen for the manufacturing of chlorophyll, nucleic acids, and plants and the plant supplies energy-rich organic molecules and sugar.

Hence the correct answer is option (e).

Reasons for incorrect answers:

Option (a) is given as, “predation”. The consumption of one species by another species is known as predation. Hence, option (a) is incorrect.

Option (b) is given as, “interspecific competition”. Competition occurs between members of different species and individuals with several adaptations for survival are known as interspecific competition. Hence, option (b) is incorrect.

Option (c) is given as, “intraspecific competition”. Competition occurs between same species and organisms with similar adaptations for all types of essential requirements are known as intraspecific competition. Hence, option (c) is incorrect.

Option (d) is given as, “commensalism”. The type of symbiosis in which only one species is benefited and other species remain unaffected is known as commensalism. Hence, option (d) is incorrect.

Hence the options (a), (b), (c), and (d) are incorrect.

Conclusion

Mutualism is a symbiotic association in which both organisms are beneficial to one another.

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Question #3: In the KeyGene paper, the authors state that it would be useful if pollen from an apomict would transmit apomixis-inducing genes to the female in the cross (assuming the pollen is viable). Assuming there was just one gene conferring gametophytic obligate apomixis, and that the two parents are inbreds, what would be the consequences of such a cross if: a) The apomixis was a dominant trait? Indicate the genotypes and phenotypes (apomict or non- apomict) of the parents, F1 and F2 generations. Remember to include the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios (or percentages) in the F1 and F2 generations, and to position the female first (left side) in the parental cross. b) The apomixis was a recessive trait? Indicate the genotypes and phenotypes (apomict or non- apomict) of the parents, F1 and F2 generations. Remember to include the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios (or percentages) in the F1 and F2 generations, and to position the female first (left side) in the…
Question #5: Assume that two genes are identified that confer gametophytic facultative apomixis in soybean. The genes show independent assortment. Recessive alleles at both loci are required for the facultative apomixis. Facultative apomixis is triggered when the temperature at pollination is above 20 degrees C. At temperatures below 20 degrees C, all reproduction is sexual, independent of genotype. A facultative apomict male, capable of producing viable pollen, was crossed with a sexually reproducing female. Assuming the parents are completely inbred, what are the predicted phenotypic ratios (apomict: non-apomict) for the F1, F2, and DH (F1-derived) generations at each of the following temperatures*: a) 15°C? b) 25°C? *for full credit, show crosses and genotypes where appropriate. Remember to position the female first (left side) in the cross. Type your answer here:

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