Biology
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781259188121
Author: Peter Stiling, Robert Brooker, Linda Graham, Eric Widmaier
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 53, Problem 7TY
Summary Introduction
Introduction: The body contains a well-defined immunity system to protect itself from harmful pathogens. The harmful pathogens that attack the body are termed as antigen. However, the body produces certain cells to protect it from the invading pathogens. These cells are termed as antibodies. They play a crucial role in immunity system as they have the capability to kill the invading pathogens.
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which one of the following properties of antibodies is NOT dependant on the structure of the heavy-chain constant region?
A. ability to cross the placenta
B. isotype (class of antibody)
C. ability to fix complement
D. affinity for drug
Which of the following statements regarding
pattern recognition receptors is correct?
單選:
A. They bind specifically to bacteria.
B. They bind specifically to viruses.
C. They are mostly found on the surface of
microorganisms.
D. They recognize conserved molecular
structures found on pathogens.
E.
They bind to the Fc region of antibody.
O
O
O
O
The five classes of immunoglobulin differ in ….
Select one:
a.
None of the above
b.
Ability to bind various classes of antigens (viral, bacterial etc)
c.
Make up of the heavy and light chains
d.
Rate of mutation in the variable domain (i.e. speed at which each class can respond to a new antigen)
e.
Size of the variable domain
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- Define the following terms: a. tus-ter complex b. chimera c. MHC antigens d. helices e. primerarrow_forwardWhich of the following statements are true for antigen presentation. a. Antigen presentation means that other cells attach the pathogen first and present it to T cells. b. Antigen-presenting cells display protein fragments, resulting from the digestion of the pathogen, in complex with MHC receptor to B cells c. Antigen presenting cells display protein fragments, resulting from the digestion of the pathogen, in complex with MHC receptor on their surface. d. Antigen-presenting cells are phagocytic cells e. Antigen presentation is required for T cell activation f. Cytokines released by macrophages are required for T cell activation g. T cell receptors recognize the MHC receptors in complex with antigen fragments displayed by antigen-presenting cells. h. Phagocytic cells are involved in innate immunity. Therefore they have no role in T-cell activationarrow_forwardWhich of the following does not contribute to generating the diversity of antigen-binding specificities among immunoglobulins? a. somatic hypermutation b. random combination of heavy and light chains c. somatic recombination d. activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) e. alternative splicing of heavy-chain RNA transcripts.arrow_forward
- Explain why each choice (a-d) is correct or incorrect. Allergens differ from antigens because a. Allergens produce an abnormally large immune response to what is an otherwise harmless particle. b. Allergens do not involve the leucocytes, they simple stimulate the inflammatory response. c. Allergens are only active seasonally and are generally harmless to the body. d. Allergens are primarily plant derived while antigens are bacterial or viral in nature.arrow_forwardWhich of the following best defines MHC restriction? Select one: a. The TCR recognizes a particular epitope in the context of a specific MHC molecule. b. Any given MHC molecule is able to bind a wide variety of epitopes. C. The TCR recognizes only the MHC molecule. Od. The TCR recognizes the epitope bound to any MHC molecule having the correct motif. Oe. A TCR may bind to either an MHC Class I or MHC Class II molecule along with the bound epitope.arrow_forwardIn which of the following ways are T-cell receptors distinct from immunoglobulins? (Select all that apply.) a. T-cell receptors are generated through somatic recombination. b. The T-cell repertoire encompasses a very large degree of diversity. c. T-cell receptors are never secreted subsequent to antigen encounter. d. The variable region of T-cell receptors contains complementarity-determining regions that interact with antigen. e. T-cell receptors are used solely for the purpose of antigen recognition and not for effector function.arrow_forward
- Why must antibody treatments like ZMapp be composed of monoclonal antibodies instead of polyclonal antibodies? a. Therapeutic antibodies must all bind the same epitope. b. Therapeutic antibodies must NOT all bind the same epitope. c. Monoclonal antibodies have much higher binding affinity than polyclonal antibodies. d. Monoclonal antibodies have much lower binding affinity than polyclonal antibodies. e. Monoclonal antibodies can be produced indefinitely; polyclonal antibodies can only be produced for a short time. IS it B? Can you please explainarrow_forwardThe zone of contact between the T cell and a pathogen-infected cell is called a(n) Select one: a. immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) b. polarization C. cross-presentation center d. granuloma e. immunological synapsearrow_forwardWhich of the following statements about T cells is false? a. Helper T cells release cytokines while cytotoxic T cells kill the infected cell. b. Helper T cells are CD4+, while cytotoxic T cells are CD8+. c. MHC II is a receptor found on most body cells, while MHC I is a receptor found on immune cells only. d. The T cell receptor is found on both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.arrow_forward
- Before the mechanism for generating antibody diversity had been established, a mechanism based on protein folding around an antigen was proposed, primarily by Linus Pauling. In this model, antibodies that had different specificities had the same amino acid sequence but were folded in different ways. Propose a test of this model.arrow_forwardWhen IgG is cleaved with a protease that targets the hinge region, which of the following is generated? a. two Fab fragments and one Fc fragment b. two Fc fragments and two Fab fragments c. Fc fragments that bind antigen d. Fab fragments that facilitate antibody effector function e. a membrane-bound form of antibody.arrow_forwardWhich one of the following most correctly describes vaccines containing live, attenuated pathogens? A.They are administered by injection. B.They provide little cell-mediated immunity. C.There is no possibility for reversion to pathogenic form. D.Pathogen does not multiply in human hosts E.They provide extended, sometimes life-long immunity.arrow_forward
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