Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Course List)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781305251052
Author: Michael Cummings
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 5, Problem 6QP
Describe why there is a fundamental difference between the expression of a trait that is determined by polygenes and the expression of a trait that is determined monogenetically.
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Epistasis refers to the interaction of genes wherein the expression of one gene is dependent on another gene. For example, suppose there are two genes that code for flower color in a plant, where red, WW or Ww, is typically dominant over expression of white, ww, and yellow, YY or Yy, is typically dominant over green, yy. One type of epistasis expresses a pattern where a dominant allele in either gene produces a red phenotype.
Classify the F1 flower color ratio that would be produced from the dihybrid cross for each type of epistasis.
Mendel's concept of dominance states that in a genotype where two different alleles of a locus are present, only the trait encoded by the dominant allele is observed. Give a molecular explanation for dominance, i.e. explain intracellular molecular events that can result in what we observe as dominance on a phenotypic level. Use the gene that encodes seed shape in peas as an example, where roun(R) is dominant over wrinkled(r), to explain how RR and Rr plants can have the same phenotype.
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Chapter 5 Solutions
Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 5.5 - Prob. 1GRCh. 5.5 - What are the possible advantages or disadvantages...Ch. 5 - After hearing this information, should Sue and Tim...Ch. 5 - Can cleft lip be surgically corrected? Sue and Tim...Ch. 5 - If the child showed a cleft lip through ultrasound...Ch. 5 - Describe why continuous variation is common in...Ch. 5 - The text outlines some of the problems Frederick...Ch. 5 - What role might environment have played in causing...Ch. 5 - Do you think Frederick Williams experiment would...Ch. 5 - As it turned out, one of the tallest Potsdam...
Ch. 5 - Describe why there is a fundamental difference...Ch. 5 - Sunflowers with flowers 10 cm in diameter are...Ch. 5 - Clubfoot is a common congenital birth defect. This...Ch. 5 - Define genetic variance.Ch. 5 - Define environmental variance.Ch. 5 - How is heritability related to genetic and...Ch. 5 - Why are relatives used in the calculation of...Ch. 5 - If there is no genetic variation within a...Ch. 5 - Can conjoined (Siamese) twins be dizygotic twins...Ch. 5 - Dizygotic twins: a. are as closely related as...Ch. 5 - Why are monozygotic twins who are reared apart so...Ch. 5 - Monozygotic (MZ) twins have a concordance value of...Ch. 5 - If monozygotic twins show complete concordance for...Ch. 5 - Researchers set up an obesity study in which MZ...Ch. 5 - What does the ob gene code for? How does it work?...Ch. 5 - What is the importance of the comparison of traits...Ch. 5 - Height in humans is controlled by the additive...Ch. 5 - If diseases such as cardiovascular disease...Ch. 5 - Prob. 24QPCh. 5 - Prob. 25QPCh. 5 - Suppose that a team of researchers analyzes the...
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- Which of the following statements describes the multifactorial inheritance in genetics? O Phenotype is determined by different environmental factors. O One locus is associated with variable phenotypes of a trait. Several loci are associated with the trait. One locus is associated with different traits. O Environment plays minimal or no role in the final phenotype.arrow_forwardThe term epistasis is used to refer to a situation in which the expression of a gene is influenced by another independently inherited gene. In labs, the gene B determines how much pigment is made. The dominant allele B results in black fur and the recessive allele b results in brown (chocolate) fur. A separate gene, E, codes for a protein that determines whether the pigment is deposited in the hair. (E = pigment deposited; e = pigment not deposited). What genotypes are possible for a black lab? What genotypes are possible for a chocolate lab? What genotypes are possible for a yellow Lab? In a cross between a black lab that is homozygous for both alleles and a yellow lab that is homozygous for both alleles, what would the genotype and phenotype of the offspring be? Imagine you cross two heterozygous parents. What are the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of the offspring?arrow_forwardPedigree analysis is a fundamental tool for investigating whether or not a trait is following a Mendelian pattern of inheritance. It can also be used to help identify individuals within a family who may be at risk for the trait. Adam and Sarah, a young couple of Eastern European Jewish ancestry, went to a genetic counselor because they were planning a family and wanted to know what their chances were for having a child with a genetic condition. The genetic counselor took a detailed family history from both of them and discovered several traits in their respective families. Sarahs maternal family history is suggestive of an autosomal dominant pattern of cancer predisposition to breast and ovarian cancer because of the young ages at which her mother and grandmother were diagnosed with their cancers. If a mutant allele that predisposed to breast and ovarian cancer was inherited in Sarahs family, she, her sister, and any of her own future children could be at risk for inheriting this mutation. The counselor told her that genetic testing is available that may help determine if this mutant allele is present in her family members. Adams paternal family history has a very strong pattern of early onset heart disease. An autosomal dominant condition known as familial hypercholesterolemia may be responsible for the large number of deaths from heart disease. As with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, genetic testing is available to see if Adam carries the mutant allele. Testing will give the couple more information about the chances that their children could inherit this mutation. Adam had a first cousin who died from Tay-Sachs disease (TSD), a fatal autosomal recessive condition most commonly found in people of Eastern European Jewish descent. Because TSD is a recessively inherited disorder, both of his cousins parents must have been heterozygous carriers of the mutant allele. If that is the case, Adams father could be a carrier as well. If Adams father carries the mutant TSD allele, it is possible that Adam inherited this mutation. Because Sarah is also of Eastern European Jewish ancestry, she could also be a carrier of the gene, even though no one in her family has been affected with TSD. If Adam and Sarah are both carriers, each of their children would have a 25% chance of being afflicted with TSD. A simple blood test performed on both Sarah and Adam could determine whether they are carriers of this mutation. If Sarah carries the mutant cancer allele and Adam carries the mutant heart disease allele, what is the chance that they would have a child who is free of both diseases? Are these good odds?arrow_forward
- Pedigree analysis is a fundamental tool for investigating whether or not a trait is following a Mendelian pattern of inheritance. It can also be used to help identify individuals within a family who may be at risk for the trait. Adam and Sarah, a young couple of Eastern European Jewish ancestry, went to a genetic counselor because they were planning a family and wanted to know what their chances were for having a child with a genetic condition. The genetic counselor took a detailed family history from both of them and discovered several traits in their respective families. Sarahs maternal family history is suggestive of an autosomal dominant pattern of cancer predisposition to breast and ovarian cancer because of the young ages at which her mother and grandmother were diagnosed with their cancers. If a mutant allele that predisposed to breast and ovarian cancer was inherited in Sarahs family, she, her sister, and any of her own future children could be at risk for inheriting this mutation. The counselor told her that genetic testing is available that may help determine if this mutant allele is present in her family members. Adams paternal family history has a very strong pattern of early onset heart disease. An autosomal dominant condition known as familial hypercholesterolemia may be responsible for the large number of deaths from heart disease. As with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, genetic testing is available to see if Adam carries the mutant allele. Testing will give the couple more information about the chances that their children could inherit this mutation. Adam had a first cousin who died from Tay-Sachs disease (TSD), a fatal autosomal recessive condition most commonly found in people of Eastern European Jewish descent. Because TSD is a recessively inherited disorder, both of his cousins parents must have been heterozygous carriers of the mutant allele. If that is the case, Adams father could be a carrier as well. If Adams father carries the mutant TSD allele, it is possible that Adam inherited this mutation. Because Sarah is also of Eastern European Jewish ancestry, she could also be a carrier of the gene, even though no one in her family has been affected with TSD. If Adam and Sarah are both carriers, each of their children would have a 25% chance of being afflicted with TSD. A simple blood test performed on both Sarah and Adam could determine whether they are carriers of this mutation. Would you want to know the results of the cancer, heart disease, and TSD tests if you were Sarah and Adam? Is it their responsibility as potential parents to gather this type of information before they decide to have a child?arrow_forwardPedigree analysis is a fundamental tool for investigating whether or not a trait is following a Mendelian pattern of inheritance. It can also be used to help identify individuals within a family who may be at risk for the trait. Adam and Sarah, a young couple of Eastern European Jewish ancestry, went to a genetic counselor because they were planning a family and wanted to know what their chances were for having a child with a genetic condition. The genetic counselor took a detailed family history from both of them and discovered several traits in their respective families. Sarahs maternal family history is suggestive of an autosomal dominant pattern of cancer predisposition to breast and ovarian cancer because of the young ages at which her mother and grandmother were diagnosed with their cancers. If a mutant allele that predisposed to breast and ovarian cancer was inherited in Sarahs family, she, her sister, and any of her own future children could be at risk for inheriting this mutation. The counselor told her that genetic testing is available that may help determine if this mutant allele is present in her family members. Adams paternal family history has a very strong pattern of early onset heart disease. An autosomal dominant condition known as familial hypercholesterolemia may be responsible for the large number of deaths from heart disease. As with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, genetic testing is available to see if Adam carries the mutant allele. Testing will give the couple more information about the chances that their children could inherit this mutation. Adam had a first cousin who died from Tay-Sachs disease (TSD), a fatal autosomal recessive condition most commonly found in people of Eastern European Jewish descent. Because TSD is a recessively inherited disorder, both of his cousins parents must have been heterozygous carriers of the mutant allele. If that is the case, Adams father could be a carrier as well. If Adams father carries the mutant TSD allele, it is possible that Adam inherited this mutation. Because Sarah is also of Eastern European Jewish ancestry, she could also be a carrier of the gene, even though no one in her family has been affected with TSD. If Adam and Sarah are both carriers, each of their children would have a 25% chance of being afflicted with TSD. A simple blood test performed on both Sarah and Adam could determine whether they are carriers of this mutation. Would you decide to have a child if the test results said that you carry the mutation for breast and ovarian cancer? The heart disease mutation? The TSD mutation? The heart disease and the mutant alleles?arrow_forwardThis pedigree (below) shows inheritance of a genetic disorder in a family. Assume the trait is rare. What is the mode of inheritance for this trait? [Select] You know this because that mode of inheritance is characterized by: [Select] individuals who have the allele express it and • An affected male parent passes the allele to [Select] and [Select] of his daughters. • An affected female parent passes the allele to sons and [Select] [Select] of her daughters. 1008 ㅇㅁㅇㄹ O ✓ of his sons of herarrow_forward
- Total fingerprint ridge count exemplifies a polygenic inheritance pattern. Penrose (1969) and others have suggested that a minimum of seven gene loci contribute to TRC, but a four-locus model is hypothesized in the problems that follow. Thus, AABBCCDD represents the genotype for maximum ridge count and aabbccdd symbolizes the genotype for the minimum ridge count. Assume that each active allele adds 15 ridges to the TRC of the male and 12 to the TRC of the female and that having the genotype aabbccdd produces a baseline TRC of 70 for males and 50 for females. Predict the TRC for each of the following individuals: Genotype Male Female AABBCCDD AabbccDd AaBBCcDD aaBbCCDd A. Write the genotypes of parents who are heterozygous for all four genes. B. Write the genotype of their child who has the maximum number of active alleles possible. C. What are the TRCs for the parents? D. What is the TRC of the child from B (assume male)?…arrow_forwardTotal fingerprint ridge count exemplifies a polygenic inheritance pattern. Penrose (1969) and others have suggested that a minimum of seven gene loci contribute to TRC, but a four-locus model is hypothesized in the problems that follow. Thus, AABBCCDD represents the genotype for maximum ridge count and aabbccdd symbolizes the genotype for the minimum ridge count. Assume that each active allele adds 15 ridges to the TRC of the male and 12 to the TRC of the female and that having the genotype aabbccdd produces a baseline TRC of 70 for males and 50 for females. Predict the TRC for each of the following individuals: Genotype Male Female AABBCCDD AabbccDd AaBBCcDD aaBbCCDdarrow_forwardThis pedigree (below) shows inheritance of a genetic disorder in a family. Assume the trait is rare. What is the mode of inheritance for this trait? [Select] You know this because that mode of inheritance is characterized by: [ Select] • An affected male parent passes the allele to [Select] and [Select] individuals who have the allele express it and and [Select] of his daughters. • An affected female parent passes the allele to [Select] of her daughters. ㅇㅁㅇㅁ î то ◆ of his sons of her so ?arrow_forward
- If traits are inherited together, for example if Mendel found that this pea plant always had yellow and round seeds or green and wrinkled but never yellow and wrinkled or green and round. The explanation for this must be that; a) There is one gene controlling both phenotypes Ob) The genes are located close together on the same chromosome c) The genes are located on the same chromosome d) The genes are located close together on the same chromosome or there could be one gene controlling both phenotypesarrow_forwardSeveral loci affect hair development in dogs. The allele for wire hair (W) is dominant to Its allele for straight hair (w). Allow H to represent hairlessness in the Mexican hairless dog and its recessive allele h to represent the gene for typical hair growth in other breeds. The Mexican hairless dog is homozygous for straight hair, but because of epistatic effects of H, alleles for hair formation cannot be expressed. Write genotypes of the following animals with respect to the two loci mentioned. a.) a Mexican hairless dog b.) a dog with straight hair c.) a dog from a strain that is pure breeding for wire hair.arrow_forwardSuppose a geneticist is using a three-point test cross to map three linked rabbit morphology and behavioral mutations called si, It, and Le. The gene si is associated with the silky fur phenotype, and It is associated with the long-tailed phenotype. Both si and It are recessive mutations with respect to wild type. Le is a dominant mutation that confers the lethargic phenotype. The geneticist first crosses true-breeding lethargic rabbits to true-breeding silky fur, long-tailed rabbits. Next, the geneticist backcrosses the Fj progeny to the silky fur, long-tailed parents, and obtains the results reported in the table. Phenotype Number lethargic 815 silky fur, long-tailed 807 long-tailed 177 silky fur, lethargic 179 silky fur 7 long-tailed, lethargic 5 silky fur, long-tailed, lethargic 29 wild type 29 Place the genes in the correct order in the chromosome. Answer Bank si It Learrow_forward
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