Chapter 5, Problem 4SC

Effects of Dietary Fats on Lipoprotein Levels Cholesterol that is made by the liver or that enters the body from food does not dissolve in blood, so it is carried through the bloodstream by lipoproteins. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) carries cholesterol to body tissues such as artery walls, where it can form deposits associated with cardiovascular disease. Thus, LDL is often called bad cholesterol. Highdensity lipoprotein (HDL) carries cholesterol away from tissues to the liver for disposal, so HDL is often called good cholesterol. In 1990, Ronald Mensink and Martijn Katan published a study that tested the effects of different dietary fats on blood lipoprotein levels. Their results are shown in Figure 2.23. Figure 2.23 Effect of diet on lipoprotein levels. Researchers placed 59 men and women on a diet in which 10 percent of their daily energy intake consisted of cis fatty acids, trans fatty acids, or saturated fats. Blood LDL and HDL levels were measured after three weeks on the diet; averaged results are shown in mg/dL (milligrams per deciliter of blood). All subjects were tested on each of the diets. The ratio of LDL to HDL is also shown. Source, Mensink RP, Katan MB, Effect of dietary trans fatty acids on high-density and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in healthy subjects. NEJM 323(7):43945. An elevated risk of heart disease has been correlated with increasing LDL-to-HDL ratios. Rank the three diets according to their predicted effect on cardiovascular health.

Which of the following is stored in the body? thiamine phosphorous folic acid vitamin C

The preferred energy sources for the body are ________.

Which of the following statements is not true? Essential nutrients can be synthesized by the body Vitamins are required in small quantities for bodily function Some amino acids can be synthesized by the body, while others need to be obtained from diet Vitamins come in two categories: fat-soluble and water-soluble.

Excess carbohydrates and proteins are stored as _____. a. amino acids b. starches c. fats d. monosaccharides

Match the terms related to protein building.

The monomers that make up proteins are called_____. a. nucleotides b. disaccharides c. amino acids d. chaperones

Match each substance with its correct description

Which of the following is a class of molecules that encompasses all of the other molecules listed? a. triglycerides b. fatty acids c. waxes d. steroids e. lipids f. phospholipids