One of the important ideas of
- Using this device, what measurements would you need to make to test your hypothesis?
- What equations would you use in analyzing your experiment?
- Do you think you could obtain a reasonable result from a single experiment? Why or why not?
- In what way could the precision of your instruments affect the conclusions that you make?
- List ways that you could modify the equipment to improve the data you obtain if you were performing this experiment today instead of 180 years ago.
- Give an example of how you could demonstrate the relationship between heat and a form of energy other than mechanical work.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
Interpretation: The balanced equations for the given reaction statements are to be identified.
Concept introduction: The relation of the work and the heat produced is calculated by the Joule experiment. The mechanical equivalent of heat is the ratio of the heat produced from the mechanical work.
(a)
To determine: The measurements required to test the hypothesis using device of Joule’s experiment.
Answer to Problem 1DE
Solution: The measurements required to test the hypothesis using device of Joule’s experiment is stated below.
Explanation of Solution
The setup required for the experiment is,
Figure 1
The relation between the work done and the heat produced is calculated in the following manner.
Using the above setup, the mechanical work is obtained by using potential energy lost by the falling mass.
Therefore, work done is equal to the potential energy of the falling mass.
Thus, the work done is calculated by the formula,
The heat that is generated in the mass of water in the calorimeter chamber is calculated by the formula,
where, water equivalent of calorimeter is the amount of water that absorbs the same amount of heat as the calorimeter to raise the temperature by one degree.
For the comparison of the work done with heat, the measurements that we need is,
- Mass of the falling object.
- Mass of water in the calorimeter.
- Height of the falling mass.
- Change in temperature.
- Water equivalent of calorimeter.
For the comparison of the work done with heat, the measurements that we need is,
- Mass of the falling object.
- Mass of water in the calorimeter.
- Height of the falling mass.
- Change in temperature.
- Water equivalent of calorimeter.
(b)
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
To determine: The equations used to analyze the experiment.
Answer to Problem 1DE
Solution: The equations used to analyze the experiment are stated below.
Explanation of Solution
The relation between the work done and the heat produced is to be determined.
Using the above setup, the mechanical work is obtained by using potential energy lost by the falling mass.
Therefore, work done is equal to the potential energy of the falling mass.
Thus, the work done is calculated by the formula,
The heat that is generated in the mass of water in the calorimeter chamber is calculated by the formula,
The ratio of the work done in generating heat is calculated by the formula,
Here, the constant is called as mechanical equivalent of heat.
The equations used to analyze the experiment are of mechanical work, heat and their ratio.
(c)
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
To determine: If the reasonable result is obtained from a single experiment.
Answer to Problem 1DE
Solution: No.
Explanation of Solution
The given experiment determines the relation of amount of work that is converted into heat energy.
This should be applicable for all sets of systems of thermodynamics.
Therefore, the same relation should be obtained in different setups of experiments.
Hence, the reasonable results are not obtained by single experiment.
The reasonable results are not obtained by single experiment.
(d)
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
To determine: The effect of precision of the instruments on the conclusion.
Answer to Problem 1DE
Solution: The precision in the measurement of the heat produced from work should be accurate for the perfect conclusion.
Explanation of Solution
The given experiment determines the relation of amount of work that is converted into heat energy.
The error that may occur is the loss of heat from the system. Therefore, the system should be properly isolated to measure appropriate heat.
Therefore, the precision in the measurement of the heat produced from work should be accurate for the perfect conclusion.
The precision in the measurement of the heat produced from work should be accurate for the perfect conclusion.
(e)
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
To determine: The modifications in the experiment that are done considering available modern amenities.
Answer to Problem 1DE
Solution: The modifications in the experiment that are done considering available modern amenities are using automated mechanical paddle stirrer and digital calorimeter.
Explanation of Solution
The mechanical work in the ancient experiment is performed by the falling masses.
Nowadays, automated mechanical paddle stirrer is available, that can be used to create mechanical work.
Also, the digital calorimeter is available that detects the change in temperature appropriately and provides an isolated system.
The modifications in the experiment that are done considering available modern amenities are using automated mechanical paddle stirrer and digital calorimeter.
(f)
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
To determine: The example that demonstrates the relationship between heat and a form of energy other than mechanical work.
Answer to Problem 1DE
Solution: The relationship between heat and a form of energy other than mechanical work is,
Explanation of Solution
In the above experiment, the water is stirred using a paddle with a known falling mass. The water is placed isolated in a calorimeter and a thermometer measures the temperature change in it.
The rotation in the water is obstructed by the vanes in the container. This causes the rise in temperature of water that is measured using thermometer.
The rise in temperature with the mechanical work is measured.
The relation between the work done and the heat produced is calculated in the following manner.
Using the above setup, the mechanical work is obtained by using potential energy lost by the falling mass.
Therefore, work done is equal to the potential energy of the falling mass.
Thus, the work done is calculated by the formula,
The heat that is generated in the mass of water in the calorimeter chamber is calculated by the formula,
Where, Water equivalent of calorimeter is the amount of water that absorbs the same amount of heat as the calorimeter to raise the temperature by one degree.
The ratio of the work done in generating heat is calculated by the formula,
Here, the constant is called as mechanical equivalent of heat.
Therefore, mechanical equivalent of heat is the form of energy.
The above equation is modified as,
The relationship between heat and a form of energy other than mechanical work is,
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 5 Solutions
CHEMISTRY THE CENTRAL SCIENCE 14TH EDI
Additional Science Textbook Solutions
Chemistry: A Molecular Approach (4th Edition)
Microbiology: An Introduction
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry (13th Edition)
Microbiology: An Introduction
Physics for Scientists and Engineers: A Strategic Approach, Vol. 1 (Chs 1-21) (4th Edition)
Chemistry: Structure and Properties (2nd Edition)
- (6 pts - 2 pts each part) Although we focused our discussion on hydrogen light emission, all elements have distinctive emission spectra. Sodium (Na) is famous for its spectrum being dominated by two yellow emission lines at 589.0 and 589.6 nm, respectively. These lines result from electrons relaxing to the 3s subshell. a. What is the photon energy (in J) for one of these emission lines? Show your work. b. To what electronic transition in hydrogen is this photon energy closest to? Justify your answer-you shouldn't need to do numerical calculations. c. Consider the 3s subshell energy for Na - use 0 eV as the reference point for n=∞. What is the energy of the subshell that the electron relaxes from? Choose the same emission line that you did for part (a) and show your work.arrow_forwardNonearrow_forward(9 Pts) In one of the two Rare Earth element rows of the periodic table, identify an exception to the general ionization energy (IE) trend. For the two elements involved, answer the following questions. Be sure to cite sources for all physical data that you use. a. (2 pts) Identify the two elements and write their electronic configurations. b. (2 pts) Based on their configurations, propose a reason for the IE trend exception. c. (5 pts) Calculate effective nuclear charges for the last electron in each element and the Allred-Rochow electronegativity values for the two elements. Can any of these values explain the IE trend exception? Explain how (not) - include a description of how IE relates to electronegativity.arrow_forward
- Please explain thoroughly and provide steps to draw.arrow_forwardAs you can see in the picture, the instrument uses a Xe source. Given that the instrument is capable of measuring from 200-800nm, if Xe was not used, what other source(s) could be used? Refer to figure 7-3. How many monochrometers does this instrument have? Why? Trace the light as it goes from the Xenon lamp all the way to the circle just slightly to the right and a little bit down from S4. What do you think that circle is? In class we talked about many types of these, which kind do you think this one is for a fluorimeter? Why? Explain. What is/are some strategy(ies) that this instrument has for dealing with noise that you see present in the optics diagram? Why does a fluorescence cuvette have to be clear on four sides?arrow_forwardProvide steps and thoroughly solve.arrow_forward
- General Chemistry - Standalone book (MindTap Cour...ChemistryISBN:9781305580343Author:Steven D. Gammon, Ebbing, Darrell Ebbing, Steven D., Darrell; Gammon, Darrell Ebbing; Steven D. Gammon, Darrell D.; Gammon, Ebbing; Steven D. Gammon; DarrellPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry: The Molecular ScienceChemistryISBN:9781285199047Author:John W. Moore, Conrad L. StanitskiPublisher:Cengage Learning
- World of ChemistryChemistryISBN:9780618562763Author:Steven S. ZumdahlPublisher:Houghton Mifflin College DivPrinciples of Modern ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305079113Author:David W. Oxtoby, H. Pat Gillis, Laurie J. ButlerPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry: Principles and PracticeChemistryISBN:9780534420123Author:Daniel L. Reger, Scott R. Goode, David W. Ball, Edward MercerPublisher:Cengage Learning
![Text book image](https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9781305580343/9781305580343_smallCoverImage.gif)
![Text book image](https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9781285199047/9781285199047_smallCoverImage.gif)
![Text book image](https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9781337399692/9781337399692_smallCoverImage.gif)
![Text book image](https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9780618562763/9780618562763_smallCoverImage.gif)
![Text book image](https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9781305079113/9781305079113_smallCoverImage.gif)
![Text book image](https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9780534420123/9780534420123_smallCoverImage.gif)