Sleep deprivation impairs working memory on the basis of given data. Given: The results of likelihood ratio test (LTR) and PLUS tests are given in the Table 1: Table 1: The accuracy and reaction time of well-rested (RW) and sleep-deprived (SD) subjects. Sleep-deprived-24 (SD24) refers to subjects who were SD for 24 hours and SD35 for 35 hours. LTR and PLUS are the two types of tests which were conducted. A (*) indicates that there is a significant difference between SD and RW subjects. Introduction: In the LTR test, an image of four capital letters was shown to the subjects for 0.5 seconds. After 3 seconds, an image of a lower-case letter was shown for 1.5 seconds. The subjects had to press a button if the letter in the lower-case matched the capital letter shown before. In the PLUS test, an image of two capital letters was shown for 0.5 seconds. After three seconds, an image of a lower-case letter was shown for 1.5 seconds and the subjects had to press a button if it was the next letter to either of the capital letters shown earlier.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 46, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

Sleep deprivation impairs working memory on the basis of given data.

Given:

The results of likelihood ratio test (LTR) and PLUS tests are given in the Table 1:

Table 1: The accuracy and reaction time of well-rested (RW) and sleep-deprived (SD) subjects.

Sleep-deprived-24 (SD24) refers to subjects who were SD for 24 hours and SD35 for 35 hours.

LTR and PLUS are the two types of tests which were conducted.

A (*) indicates that there is a significant difference between SD and RW subjects.

Introduction:

In the LTR test, an image of four capital letters was shown to the subjects for 0.5 seconds. After 3 seconds, an image of a lower-case letter was shown for 1.5 seconds. The subjects had to press a button if the letter in the lower-case matched the capital letter shown before.

In the PLUS test, an image of two capital letters was shown for 0.5 seconds. After three seconds, an image of a lower-case letter was shown for 1.5 seconds and the subjects had to press a button if it was the next letter to either of the capital letters shown earlier.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Both the tests were designed to test the memory of the subjects. The PLUS test was more complex and needed more cognitive processing.

It can be observed from the data shown in the table that the accuracy in both the tests was significantly reduced in SD24 subjects, and further reduced in those SD35 individuals.

The reaction time was significantly increased in the SD subjects in the PLUS test. However, in the LTR test, the SD24 had a significantly increased reaction time, but the SD35 did not show a significant increase.

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that the working memory is impaired by sleep deprivation as the accuracy of the sleep-deprived subjects is reduced and their reaction time is increased in memory-based tests.

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Question #3: In the KeyGene paper, the authors state that it would be useful if pollen from an apomict would transmit apomixis-inducing genes to the female in the cross (assuming the pollen is viable). Assuming there was just one gene conferring gametophytic obligate apomixis, and that the two parents are inbreds, what would be the consequences of such a cross if: a) The apomixis was a dominant trait? Indicate the genotypes and phenotypes (apomict or non- apomict) of the parents, F1 and F2 generations. Remember to include the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios (or percentages) in the F1 and F2 generations, and to position the female first (left side) in the parental cross. b) The apomixis was a recessive trait? Indicate the genotypes and phenotypes (apomict or non- apomict) of the parents, F1 and F2 generations. Remember to include the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios (or percentages) in the F1 and F2 generations, and to position the female first (left side) in the…

Question #5: Assume that two genes are identified that confer gametophytic facultative apomixis in soybean. The genes show independent assortment. Recessive alleles at both loci are required for the facultative apomixis. Facultative apomixis is triggered when the temperature at pollination is above 20 degrees C. At temperatures below 20 degrees C, all reproduction is sexual, independent of genotype. A facultative apomict male, capable of producing viable pollen, was crossed with a sexually reproducing female. Assuming the parents are completely inbred, what are the predicted phenotypic ratios (apomict: non-apomict) for the F1, F2, and DH (F1-derived) generations at each of the following temperatures*: a) 15°C? b) 25°C? *for full credit, show crosses and genotypes where appropriate. Remember to position the female first (left side) in the cross. Type your answer here:

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 46, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

Sleep deprivation impairs working memory on the basis of given data.

Given:

The results of likelihood ratio test (LTR) and PLUS tests are given in the Table 1:

Table 1: The accuracy and reaction time of well-rested (RW) and sleep-deprived (SD) subjects.

Sleep-deprived-24 (SD24) refers to subjects who were SD for 24 hours and SD35 for 35 hours.

LTR and PLUS are the two types of tests which were conducted.

A (*) indicates that there is a significant difference between SD and RW subjects.

Introduction:

In the LTR test, an image of four capital letters was shown to the subjects for 0.5 seconds. After 3 seconds, an image of a lower-case letter was shown for 1.5 seconds. The subjects had to press a button if the letter in the lower-case matched the capital letter shown before.

In the PLUS test, an image of two capital letters was shown for 0.5 seconds. After three seconds, an image of a lower-case letter was shown for 1.5 seconds and the subjects had to press a button if it was the next letter to either of the capital letters shown earlier.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Both the tests were designed to test the memory of the subjects. The PLUS test was more complex and needed more cognitive processing.

It can be observed from the data shown in the table that the accuracy in both the tests was significantly reduced in SD24 subjects, and further reduced in those SD35 individuals.

The reaction time was significantly increased in the SD subjects in the PLUS test. However, in the LTR test, the SD24 had a significantly increased reaction time, but the SD35 did not show a significant increase.

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that the working memory is impaired by sleep deprivation as the accuracy of the sleep-deprived subjects is reduced and their reaction time is increased in memory-based tests.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 46, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

Sleep deprivation impairs working memory on the basis of given data.

Given:

The results of likelihood ratio test (LTR) and PLUS tests are given in the Table 1:

Table 1: The accuracy and reaction time of well-rested (RW) and sleep-deprived (SD) subjects.

Sleep-deprived-24 (SD24) refers to subjects who were SD for 24 hours and SD35 for 35 hours.

LTR and PLUS are the two types of tests which were conducted.

A (*) indicates that there is a significant difference between SD and RW subjects.

Introduction:

In the LTR test, an image of four capital letters was shown to the subjects for 0.5 seconds. After 3 seconds, an image of a lower-case letter was shown for 1.5 seconds. The subjects had to press a button if the letter in the lower-case matched the capital letter shown before.

In the PLUS test, an image of two capital letters was shown for 0.5 seconds. After three seconds, an image of a lower-case letter was shown for 1.5 seconds and the subjects had to press a button if it was the next letter to either of the capital letters shown earlier.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Both the tests were designed to test the memory of the subjects. The PLUS test was more complex and needed more cognitive processing.

It can be observed from the data shown in the table that the accuracy in both the tests was significantly reduced in SD24 subjects, and further reduced in those SD35 individuals.

The reaction time was significantly increased in the SD subjects in the PLUS test. However, in the LTR test, the SD24 had a significantly increased reaction time, but the SD35 did not show a significant increase.

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that the working memory is impaired by sleep deprivation as the accuracy of the sleep-deprived subjects is reduced and their reaction time is increased in memory-based tests.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 46, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

Sleep deprivation impairs working memory on the basis of given data.

Given:

The results of likelihood ratio test (LTR) and PLUS tests are given in the Table 1:

Table 1: The accuracy and reaction time of well-rested (RW) and sleep-deprived (SD) subjects.

Sleep-deprived-24 (SD24) refers to subjects who were SD for 24 hours and SD35 for 35 hours.

LTR and PLUS are the two types of tests which were conducted.

A (*) indicates that there is a significant difference between SD and RW subjects.

Introduction:

In the LTR test, an image of four capital letters was shown to the subjects for 0.5 seconds. After 3 seconds, an image of a lower-case letter was shown for 1.5 seconds. The subjects had to press a button if the letter in the lower-case matched the capital letter shown before.

In the PLUS test, an image of two capital letters was shown for 0.5 seconds. After three seconds, an image of a lower-case letter was shown for 1.5 seconds and the subjects had to press a button if it was the next letter to either of the capital letters shown earlier.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Both the tests were designed to test the memory of the subjects. The PLUS test was more complex and needed more cognitive processing.

It can be observed from the data shown in the table that the accuracy in both the tests was significantly reduced in SD24 subjects, and further reduced in those SD35 individuals.

The reaction time was significantly increased in the SD subjects in the PLUS test. However, in the LTR test, the SD24 had a significantly increased reaction time, but the SD35 did not show a significant increase.

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that the working memory is impaired by sleep deprivation as the accuracy of the sleep-deprived subjects is reduced and their reaction time is increased in memory-based tests.

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Answer 5

Chapter 46, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

Sleep deprivation impairs working memory on the basis of given data.

Given:

The results of likelihood ratio test (LTR) and PLUS tests are given in the Table 1:

Table 1: The accuracy and reaction time of well-rested (RW) and sleep-deprived (SD) subjects.

Sleep-deprived-24 (SD24) refers to subjects who were SD for 24 hours and SD35 for 35 hours.

LTR and PLUS are the two types of tests which were conducted.

A (*) indicates that there is a significant difference between SD and RW subjects.

Introduction:

In the LTR test, an image of four capital letters was shown to the subjects for 0.5 seconds. After 3 seconds, an image of a lower-case letter was shown for 1.5 seconds. The subjects had to press a button if the letter in the lower-case matched the capital letter shown before.

In the PLUS test, an image of two capital letters was shown for 0.5 seconds. After three seconds, an image of a lower-case letter was shown for 1.5 seconds and the subjects had to press a button if it was the next letter to either of the capital letters shown earlier.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Both the tests were designed to test the memory of the subjects. The PLUS test was more complex and needed more cognitive processing.

It can be observed from the data shown in the table that the accuracy in both the tests was significantly reduced in SD24 subjects, and further reduced in those SD35 individuals.

The reaction time was significantly increased in the SD subjects in the PLUS test. However, in the LTR test, the SD24 had a significantly increased reaction time, but the SD35 did not show a significant increase.

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that the working memory is impaired by sleep deprivation as the accuracy of the sleep-deprived subjects is reduced and their reaction time is increased in memory-based tests.

Answer 6

Chapter 46, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

Sleep deprivation impairs working memory on the basis of given data.

Given:

The results of likelihood ratio test (LTR) and PLUS tests are given in the Table 1:

Table 1: The accuracy and reaction time of well-rested (RW) and sleep-deprived (SD) subjects.

Sleep-deprived-24 (SD24) refers to subjects who were SD for 24 hours and SD35 for 35 hours.

LTR and PLUS are the two types of tests which were conducted.

A (*) indicates that there is a significant difference between SD and RW subjects.

Introduction:

In the LTR test, an image of four capital letters was shown to the subjects for 0.5 seconds. After 3 seconds, an image of a lower-case letter was shown for 1.5 seconds. The subjects had to press a button if the letter in the lower-case matched the capital letter shown before.

In the PLUS test, an image of two capital letters was shown for 0.5 seconds. After three seconds, an image of a lower-case letter was shown for 1.5 seconds and the subjects had to press a button if it was the next letter to either of the capital letters shown earlier.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Both the tests were designed to test the memory of the subjects. The PLUS test was more complex and needed more cognitive processing.

It can be observed from the data shown in the table that the accuracy in both the tests was significantly reduced in SD24 subjects, and further reduced in those SD35 individuals.

The reaction time was significantly increased in the SD subjects in the PLUS test. However, in the LTR test, the SD24 had a significantly increased reaction time, but the SD35 did not show a significant increase.

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that the working memory is impaired by sleep deprivation as the accuracy of the sleep-deprived subjects is reduced and their reaction time is increased in memory-based tests.

Answer 7

Chapter 46, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

Sleep deprivation impairs working memory on the basis of given data.

Given:

The results of likelihood ratio test (LTR) and PLUS tests are given in the Table 1:

Table 1: The accuracy and reaction time of well-rested (RW) and sleep-deprived (SD) subjects.

Sleep-deprived-24 (SD24) refers to subjects who were SD for 24 hours and SD35 for 35 hours.

LTR and PLUS are the two types of tests which were conducted.

A (*) indicates that there is a significant difference between SD and RW subjects.

Introduction:

In the LTR test, an image of four capital letters was shown to the subjects for 0.5 seconds. After 3 seconds, an image of a lower-case letter was shown for 1.5 seconds. The subjects had to press a button if the letter in the lower-case matched the capital letter shown before.

In the PLUS test, an image of two capital letters was shown for 0.5 seconds. After three seconds, an image of a lower-case letter was shown for 1.5 seconds and the subjects had to press a button if it was the next letter to either of the capital letters shown earlier.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Both the tests were designed to test the memory of the subjects. The PLUS test was more complex and needed more cognitive processing.

It can be observed from the data shown in the table that the accuracy in both the tests was significantly reduced in SD24 subjects, and further reduced in those SD35 individuals.

The reaction time was significantly increased in the SD subjects in the PLUS test. However, in the LTR test, the SD24 had a significantly increased reaction time, but the SD35 did not show a significant increase.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that the working memory is impaired by sleep deprivation as the accuracy of the sleep-deprived subjects is reduced and their reaction time is increased in memory-based tests.

Answer 12

Ch. 46.1 - Prob. 1R Ch. 46.1 - Prob. 2R Ch. 46.1 - Prob. 3R Ch. 46.1 - Prob. 4R Ch. 46.1 - Prob. 5R Ch. 46.2 - Prob. 1R Ch. 46.2 - Prob. 2R Ch. 46.2 - Prob. 3R Ch. 46.3 - Prob. 1R Ch. 46.3 - Prob. 2R

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