BIOLOGY(LL)-W/ACCESS CODE >CUSTOM<
12th Edition
ISBN: 9781264058167
Author: Raven
Publisher: MCG CUSTOM
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Textbook Question
Chapter 45, Problem 4S
If natural selection favors the evolution of wings in different types of vertebrates, why didn’t it produce structures that were built in the same way?
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Ostrich wings are vestigial because they are too rudimentary to perform the function for which they evolved in the species’ flying ancestor. Nonetheless, the ostrich uses its wings for other purposes. For example, an ostrich may extend its wings to the side while running, to help maintain balance, and it may spread its wings as part of a threat display. These uses show that evolution by natural selection can sometimes repurpose vestigial structures that have lost the function for which they originally evolved. But whether a vestigial structure remains useless or acquires a new function, it is homologous to the version that retains its original function in other organisms and provides evidence of common ancestry. But are all similarities between different organisms the result of shared ancestry?
Because of selective forces, the dinosaurs were superbly adapted to their environments. After the dinosaurs became extinct, the small mammals that had been relatively unimportant animals in the background flourished and evolved into many new types, including the line that led to human beings. It is unlikely that these new types would have ever evolved had not the dinosaurs disappeared. If the extinction of the dinosaurs was caused by an extraterrestrial impact, did it matter how well they were adapted to their environment? What does this suggest about the starting cause in the evolutionary success of these new types of mammals?
Which well-known group is ancestral to all living birds? What evidence in the fossil record supports this conclusion?
Chapter 45 Solutions
BIOLOGY(LL)-W/ACCESS CODE >CUSTOM<
Ch. 45.1 - Compare hydrostatic skeletons, exoskeletons, and...Ch. 45.1 - Explain how animals with hydrostatic skeletons...Ch. 45.2 - Prob. 1LOCh. 45.2 - Prob. 2LOCh. 45.2 - Prob. 3LOCh. 45.3 - Prob. 1LOCh. 45.4 - Prob. 1LOCh. 45.4 - Prob. 2LOCh. 45.4 - Prob. 3LOCh. 45.5 - Prob. 1LO
Ch. 45.5 - Describe how friction and gravity affect...Ch. 45.5 - Prob. 3LOCh. 45 - Prob. 1IQCh. 45 - Exoskeletons and endoskeletons differ in that a....Ch. 45 - Worms use a hydrostatic skeleton to generate...Ch. 45 - Bone develops by one of two mechanisms depending...Ch. 45 - Which of the following statements best describes...Ch. 45 - Motor neurons stimulate muscle contraction via the...Ch. 45 - Prob. 6UCh. 45 - If you wanted to study the use of ATP during a...Ch. 45 - Place the following events in the correct order....Ch. 45 - You take X-rays of two individuals. Ray has been a...Ch. 45 - You have identified a calcium storage disease in...Ch. 45 - How do the muscles move your hand through space?...Ch. 45 - How can osteocytes remain alive within bone? a....Ch. 45 - Swimming underwater using forelimbs for propulsion...Ch. 45 - If a drug inhibits the release of ACh, what will...Ch. 45 - Prob. 1SCh. 45 - Prob. 2SCh. 45 - The nerve gas methylphosphonofluoridic acid...Ch. 45 - If natural selection favors the evolution of wings...
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- Suppose you watch a video showing the development of an unknown animal. What clues can the developmental pattern give you about how this organism is classified?arrow_forwardAlong comes Dr Phil Bell and deep in the mines of Lightning Ridge, finds an amazingly preserved pterosaur that preserves feathers. He hypothesises that this means that feathers must have evolved before the origin of dinosaurs and therefore must have been primitive. How would you go about testing this hypothesis of feather origins?arrow_forwardWhich of the following is true about the phylogeny of birds and reptiles. Question 35 options: a) Birds are more closely related to amphibians then they are to reptiles. b) Birds are a type of reptile, but are not related to dinosaurs. c) Birds and reptiles are the least related vertebrates. d) Birds are a type of reptile and are descended from a group of dinosaurs.arrow_forward
- Birds are supposed to be the dinosaurs' closest relatives. List and explain five reasons why the Aves have been able to adapt (morphological traits) and survive in the ever-changing world we live into this day.arrow_forwardMammals belong to a group of amniotes known as synapsids. Three major lineages of mammals had emerged by the early Cretaceous period. In a tabulated form, compare these three lineages to illustrate their diversity in terms of: a. Embryonic developmen, b. How the young are fed and c. Period of gestationarrow_forwardThe forelimbs of the organisms in Figure 1 are examples of what type of structures? What do these structures indicate about the evolution of the three organisms? What would be an example of a structure analogous to the last structure? How does the anatomy of the forelimbs show an evolutionary pattern?arrow_forward
- Given homologous structures like a bird’s wing & whale’s flipper and analogous structures like a bird's wing & insect's wing, prove evolution.arrow_forwardIn the frog embryo, convergent extension elongates the notochord. Explain how the words convergent and extension apply to this process.arrow_forwardhow did bat wings evolve from arms?arrow_forward
- Explain the significance of the discovery of Archaeopteryx. Why did this fossil demonstrate beyond reasonable doubt that birds are grouped phylogenetically with dinosaurs?arrow_forwardPakicetus is an ancient wolf-like organism that lived 50 million year ago. It had wolf-like ears and nostrils on the front of its skull. Modern whales have a similar ear structure, but their nostrils are on the back of their skull. Aetiocetus lived 25 million years ago, had the same ear structure as both Pakicetus and modern whales, but nostrils in the middle of its skull. According to this information, the most likely conclusion that biologists could draw about the relationship of Aetiocetus to the other organisms is that Aetiocetus...arrow_forwardWhat type of evolution does a bird have? Divergent, Convergent, or Parallel?arrow_forward
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