BIOLOGY(LL)-W/ACCESS CODE >CUSTOM<
12th Edition
ISBN: 9781264058167
Author: Raven
Publisher: MCG CUSTOM
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Chapter 45, Problem 3S
The nerve gas methylphosphonofluoridic acid (sarin) inhibits the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, required to break down acetylcholine. Based on this information, what are the likely effects of this nerve gas on muscle function?
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When the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) binds the acetylcholine receptor (a GPCR) on muscle cells, it causes them to contract. ZIGGY, a chemical analog of ACh, also binds to the same acetylcholine receptor on muscle cells, but instead causes the muscle cells to relax. For this reason, it is sometimes prescribed as a muscle relaxer. Explain in 3-4 sentences how ZIGGY could cause muscle relaxation.
How can both ZIGGY and ACh bind the same GPCR? And then how can they have different effects on the cells, despite binding to the same receptor on the same cells?
Put these events that occur in skeletal muscle in the correct chronological sequence:
1. Activation of voltage-gated dihydropyridine (DHP) receptor in the T-tubule
2. Opening of mechanically-gated ryanodine receptors (RyR) on the sarcoplasmic reticulum
3. Na+ influx through ligand-gated ion channels on the motor end plate
4. Ca2+ binding to troponin
2, 1, 4, 3
4, 3, 2, 1
4, 3, 1, 2
3, 1, 4, 2
3, 1, 2, 4
In the process called "excitation-contraction coupling" (the events that lead up to a muscle cell's contraction), what part of this process is disrupted by death? (Actually, all of it is disrupted by death, but we can pinpoint a linkage between death, and the onset of rigor mortis--as well as explaining why rigor mortis eventually ends.)
Chapter 45 Solutions
BIOLOGY(LL)-W/ACCESS CODE >CUSTOM<
Ch. 45.1 - Compare hydrostatic skeletons, exoskeletons, and...Ch. 45.1 - Explain how animals with hydrostatic skeletons...Ch. 45.2 - Prob. 1LOCh. 45.2 - Prob. 2LOCh. 45.2 - Prob. 3LOCh. 45.3 - Prob. 1LOCh. 45.4 - Prob. 1LOCh. 45.4 - Prob. 2LOCh. 45.4 - Prob. 3LOCh. 45.5 - Prob. 1LO
Ch. 45.5 - Describe how friction and gravity affect...Ch. 45.5 - Prob. 3LOCh. 45 - Prob. 1IQCh. 45 - Exoskeletons and endoskeletons differ in that a....Ch. 45 - Worms use a hydrostatic skeleton to generate...Ch. 45 - Bone develops by one of two mechanisms depending...Ch. 45 - Which of the following statements best describes...Ch. 45 - Motor neurons stimulate muscle contraction via the...Ch. 45 - Prob. 6UCh. 45 - If you wanted to study the use of ATP during a...Ch. 45 - Place the following events in the correct order....Ch. 45 - You take X-rays of two individuals. Ray has been a...Ch. 45 - You have identified a calcium storage disease in...Ch. 45 - How do the muscles move your hand through space?...Ch. 45 - How can osteocytes remain alive within bone? a....Ch. 45 - Swimming underwater using forelimbs for propulsion...Ch. 45 - If a drug inhibits the release of ACh, what will...Ch. 45 - Prob. 1SCh. 45 - Prob. 2SCh. 45 - The nerve gas methylphosphonofluoridic acid...Ch. 45 - If natural selection favors the evolution of wings...
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- Why is it important to remove acetylcholine from its binding to acetylcholine receptors once the neural stimulus ends? What can be the possible consequence of the non-removal of acetylcholine to the skeletal muscle fiber?arrow_forwardSuccinylcholine act as adepolarising agent that prevents repolarization of the somatic motor neuron. Thus, no further ACh is released until drug is cleared. Name another site within the MNJ we could target to prevent muscle contraction, and explain why this would work.arrow_forwardPut the following events in chronological order. (Some of the steps may be missing.)1) Ca*+ floods into the pre-synaptic neuron.2) ch (Acetylcholine) binds to ACh receptors in the sarcolemma.3) Na+ floods into the post-synaptic muscle cell.4) The A.P arrives at the pre-synaptic terminal causing Ca+ channels to open.5) Ach from the synaptic vesicles spills into the pre-synaptic cleft.6) A post-synaptic action potential results in the muscle fiber (depolarizationarrow_forward
- Discuss the similarities and differences by which Ca2+ activity is involved in initiating muscle contraction in skeletal versus smooth muscle fibers (hint: include Ca2+ sources, proteins it binds to, and signaling cascade it activates leading to contraction). (please explain in sentences, max 12 sentences)arrow_forwarda) Through which method of intercellular signaling do motor neurons communicate with muscle fibers? b) Action potentials are an “all or nothing” response, so contraction of muscle fibers downstream of the neuromuscular junction is also an “all or nothing” process. Given that this is the case, briefly describe the two ways that muscles generate varying degrees of forcearrow_forwardExplain in detail Muscarinic receptors in regards to the hisamine agonist. How do they cause smooth muscle contraction. Provide mechanismarrow_forward
- Both the withdrawal reflex and the Golgi tendon reflex involve sensory signals that ultimately control the same type ofmotor neurons and both are protective. Explain how one reflex can cause muscle contraction while the other causes musclerelaxation.arrow_forwardExplain the intracellular mechansim of smooth muscle relaxation of agaonist such as mepyrimine and atropine. Give diagram for each.arrow_forwardWe've referred to alpha-motor neurons as the "decision making centre" for whether or not a muscle fibre contracts. Which of the following statements are true with regards to his concept? Select all that apply. O Alpha motor neurons receive input from many different sources, the balance of which determines whether or not the alpha-motor neuron fires an action potential O Alpha motor neurons are involved in conscious decision making in our central nervous system for planning and executing movements O When an action potential is initiated in an alpha-motor neuron, we are guaranteed an action potential in the muscle fibre, and hence contraction of that fibre. This means the muscle itself does not determine whether or not it contracts O Alpha motor neurons report information on where we are in space (proprioception) back to the central nervous systemarrow_forward
- The condition hyponatremia (hy′-poh-nah-TREE-mee-ah) is characterized by low levels of sodium ions in the blood and extracellular fluid. What do you think would happen to the action potential in the sarcolemma if there were insufficient sodium ions in the extracellular fluid? (Hint: Think about what will happen to the normal gradient of sodium ions in hyponatremia.)arrow_forwardMost immediate physiological adjustments to exercise occur prior to any change in tissue metabolic demand for oxygen or nutrients. This occurs because exercise increases sympathetic nervous system activity. With your knowledge of exercise and the control of alpha motor neurons by the primary motor cortex of the brain, how does increased exercise influence the sympathetic nervous system?arrow_forwardThe subtractive technique that uses nerve stimulation at two points and subtracting the difference between the two recorded latencies (time from stimulation to muscle contraction) gives a more accurate estimate of motor conduction velocity than stimulating the nerve at one point and measuring the time it takes for the muscle to contract. Which of the following statements best describes the reason why the subtractive techniques is more accurate? The subtractive technique is more accurate because it takes into account the delay caused by the electrical resistance of the recording electrodes, which adds to the recorded delay. The subtractive technique is more accurate because it takes into account the delay caused by synaptic transmission from the axon terminals to the muscle fibres. The subtractive technique is more accurate because it takes into account the slower conduction speed of the small unmyelinated axon endings that slow down nerve conduction…arrow_forward
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