Concepts related to carcinogenesis. Concept introduction: Cancer cells are characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal cells, invasion, and metastasis. Drugs, which are used to treat cancer is generally known as chemotherapeutic drugs or antineoplastic drugs. Antineoplastic drugs are broadly classified into two categories based on targeting the phases of the cell cycle (cell cycle specific drugs and cell cycle non-specific drugs). The major adverse effects of chemotherapy are immune suppression, gastrointestinal distress, fatigue, anemia, nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and stomatitis. Most of the antineoplastic drugs cause adverse effects on rapidly dividing cells (for example, bone marrow cells, GI tract cells, and hair follicles).

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 45, Problem 1O

Summary Introduction

To describe:

Concepts related to carcinogenesis.

Concept introduction:

Cancer cells are characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal cells, invasion, and metastasis. Drugs, which are used to treat cancer is generally known as chemotherapeutic drugs or antineoplastic drugs. Antineoplastic drugs are broadly classified into two categories based on targeting the phases of the cell cycle (cell cycle specific drugs and cell cycle non-specific drugs). The major adverse effects of chemotherapy are immune suppression, gastrointestinal distress, fatigue, anemia, nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and stomatitis. Most of the antineoplastic drugs cause adverse effects on rapidly dividing cells (for example, bone marrow cells, GI tract cells, and hair follicles).

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Carcinogenesis is also known as tumorigenesis, is the progression of cancer. Cancer is a group of diseases in which normal cell is transformed into genetically abnormal cells. Cancer is characterized by genetic or cellular changes, uncontrolled growth of cells, invasion, metastasis, and antiapoptosis. Cancer cells lack differentiation and maturation into specialized cells. Cancer cells invade adjacent tissues and travel to other parts of the body through the blood or lymphatic system.

The clone is a single cancer cell or group of cancer cells and that is produced from the genetically identical parent cell. The establishment of the new clone of cancer cells paves the way for metastasis. Spread of cancer cells from their original site to other organs or parts of the body is known as metastasis.

Carcinogenesis is a multistep process, there are four major stages are found in carcinogenesis are initiation (alteration or mutation of genes by spontaneous or induced), promotion (invasion and clonal expansion), conversion (genetic changes), and progression (genetic as well as phenotypic changes and cancer proliferation).

The term tumor, malignancy, and neoplasm are synonyms for cancer. Neoplasm refers as a mass of new tissue or new cells. The tumor is classified into two: benign and malignant. Uniform size and shape of cells without invasion is called benign tumor and it may be harmless. Invasion of cancer cells to their surrounding area and other parts is known as a malignant tumor.

Various types of cancer are classified based on tissues, such as sarcomas (connective tissues), carcinomas (epithelial tissues), lymphomas (lymphatic tissues), leukemias (blood), and cancers of nervous tissues.

Conclusion

Carcinogenesis is the progression of cancer or tumor. It is a multistep process and mainly categorized into the benign tumor and the malignant tumor.

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DaVita Dietitian Reference Manual Module 7- Adequacy of Hemodialysis CASE STUDIES Case 1 David was diagnosed with chronic kidney disease a year ago, and now needs hemodialysis. At his first treatment, the nurse hooks up the bloodlines to an access in David's chest. He tells her that he had surgery on his arm three months ago so it can be used for dialysis eventually. 1. What type of access does David have for the initial treatment? 2. Is David's arm access most likely a graft or fistula? 3. What possible reasons prevent use of a fistula or graft for the first dialysis treatment? Case 2 Ramon, a hemodialysis patient for six years, has lost 1.5 kg over the past six weeks. He denies nausea or vomiting, but does admit to eating less at meals and skipping dinner some days. Current dialysis prescription is: 3 1/2 hours (210 minutes), 3 times a week, ASAHI 1050S, APS dialyzer, dialysis flow rate 800 ml/min, blood flow rate 400 ml/min. Monthly bloodwork is as follows: Date K PO4 Pre-BUN…

DaVita Dietitian Reference Manual Module 7 - Adequacy of Hemodialysis REVIEW QUESTIONS True False 1. 27 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Urea Reduction Ratio is a more accurate measurement of dialysis adequacy than Urea Kinetic Modeling. A fistula is the preferred type of vascular access. In the formula Kt/V, the V represents volume of total body water in which urea is distributed. In the formula Kt/V, time is measured in 15-minute increments, so 220 minutes would be rounded off to the nearest quarter hour. The DaVita minimum goal for adequacy is a spKt/V≥ 1.0. A measured height and accurate dry weight are required to obtain an accurate Kt/V result. A very low post BUN result usually means the patient is not eating enough protein. KRU is a measure of residual urea clearance by the patient's kidney, requiring a 24-hour urine collection. The Kt/V Delivered (single pool) is the value used for determining adequacy and comparing outcomes in DaVita facilities. Catheters are…

DaVita Dietitian Reference Manual Module 7 - Adequacy of Hemodialysis Case 3 Beverly's monthly adequacy of dialysis results came back lower than usual. Her Kt/V is 1.13. Flow sheet data reveals the following: Prescribed BFR 400, patient ran BFR 325 during treatment Blood pressure dropped to 72/58 during treatment, so UFR was turned off. Dry weight 65 kg, pre dialysis weight 69 kg, post dialysis weight 66.5 kg 1. What are DaVita's goals for Kt/V? 2. What is your impression of why the Kt/V is low? 3. What additional information would help in determining why Beverly's adequacy results were below goal?

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 45, Problem 1O

Summary Introduction

To describe:

Concepts related to carcinogenesis.

Concept introduction:

Cancer cells are characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal cells, invasion, and metastasis. Drugs, which are used to treat cancer is generally known as chemotherapeutic drugs or antineoplastic drugs. Antineoplastic drugs are broadly classified into two categories based on targeting the phases of the cell cycle (cell cycle specific drugs and cell cycle non-specific drugs). The major adverse effects of chemotherapy are immune suppression, gastrointestinal distress, fatigue, anemia, nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and stomatitis. Most of the antineoplastic drugs cause adverse effects on rapidly dividing cells (for example, bone marrow cells, GI tract cells, and hair follicles).

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Carcinogenesis is also known as tumorigenesis, is the progression of cancer. Cancer is a group of diseases in which normal cell is transformed into genetically abnormal cells. Cancer is characterized by genetic or cellular changes, uncontrolled growth of cells, invasion, metastasis, and antiapoptosis. Cancer cells lack differentiation and maturation into specialized cells. Cancer cells invade adjacent tissues and travel to other parts of the body through the blood or lymphatic system.

The clone is a single cancer cell or group of cancer cells and that is produced from the genetically identical parent cell. The establishment of the new clone of cancer cells paves the way for metastasis. Spread of cancer cells from their original site to other organs or parts of the body is known as metastasis.

Carcinogenesis is a multistep process, there are four major stages are found in carcinogenesis are initiation (alteration or mutation of genes by spontaneous or induced), promotion (invasion and clonal expansion), conversion (genetic changes), and progression (genetic as well as phenotypic changes and cancer proliferation).

The term tumor, malignancy, and neoplasm are synonyms for cancer. Neoplasm refers as a mass of new tissue or new cells. The tumor is classified into two: benign and malignant. Uniform size and shape of cells without invasion is called benign tumor and it may be harmless. Invasion of cancer cells to their surrounding area and other parts is known as a malignant tumor.

Various types of cancer are classified based on tissues, such as sarcomas (connective tissues), carcinomas (epithelial tissues), lymphomas (lymphatic tissues), leukemias (blood), and cancers of nervous tissues.

Conclusion

Carcinogenesis is the progression of cancer or tumor. It is a multistep process and mainly categorized into the benign tumor and the malignant tumor.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 45, Problem 1O

Summary Introduction

To describe:

Concepts related to carcinogenesis.

Concept introduction:

Cancer cells are characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal cells, invasion, and metastasis. Drugs, which are used to treat cancer is generally known as chemotherapeutic drugs or antineoplastic drugs. Antineoplastic drugs are broadly classified into two categories based on targeting the phases of the cell cycle (cell cycle specific drugs and cell cycle non-specific drugs). The major adverse effects of chemotherapy are immune suppression, gastrointestinal distress, fatigue, anemia, nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and stomatitis. Most of the antineoplastic drugs cause adverse effects on rapidly dividing cells (for example, bone marrow cells, GI tract cells, and hair follicles).

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Carcinogenesis is also known as tumorigenesis, is the progression of cancer. Cancer is a group of diseases in which normal cell is transformed into genetically abnormal cells. Cancer is characterized by genetic or cellular changes, uncontrolled growth of cells, invasion, metastasis, and antiapoptosis. Cancer cells lack differentiation and maturation into specialized cells. Cancer cells invade adjacent tissues and travel to other parts of the body through the blood or lymphatic system.

The clone is a single cancer cell or group of cancer cells and that is produced from the genetically identical parent cell. The establishment of the new clone of cancer cells paves the way for metastasis. Spread of cancer cells from their original site to other organs or parts of the body is known as metastasis.

Carcinogenesis is a multistep process, there are four major stages are found in carcinogenesis are initiation (alteration or mutation of genes by spontaneous or induced), promotion (invasion and clonal expansion), conversion (genetic changes), and progression (genetic as well as phenotypic changes and cancer proliferation).

The term tumor, malignancy, and neoplasm are synonyms for cancer. Neoplasm refers as a mass of new tissue or new cells. The tumor is classified into two: benign and malignant. Uniform size and shape of cells without invasion is called benign tumor and it may be harmless. Invasion of cancer cells to their surrounding area and other parts is known as a malignant tumor.

Various types of cancer are classified based on tissues, such as sarcomas (connective tissues), carcinomas (epithelial tissues), lymphomas (lymphatic tissues), leukemias (blood), and cancers of nervous tissues.

Conclusion

Carcinogenesis is the progression of cancer or tumor. It is a multistep process and mainly categorized into the benign tumor and the malignant tumor.

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Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 4

Question

Chapter 45, Problem 1O

Summary Introduction

To describe:

Concepts related to carcinogenesis.

Concept introduction:

Cancer cells are characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal cells, invasion, and metastasis. Drugs, which are used to treat cancer is generally known as chemotherapeutic drugs or antineoplastic drugs. Antineoplastic drugs are broadly classified into two categories based on targeting the phases of the cell cycle (cell cycle specific drugs and cell cycle non-specific drugs). The major adverse effects of chemotherapy are immune suppression, gastrointestinal distress, fatigue, anemia, nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and stomatitis. Most of the antineoplastic drugs cause adverse effects on rapidly dividing cells (for example, bone marrow cells, GI tract cells, and hair follicles).

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Carcinogenesis is also known as tumorigenesis, is the progression of cancer. Cancer is a group of diseases in which normal cell is transformed into genetically abnormal cells. Cancer is characterized by genetic or cellular changes, uncontrolled growth of cells, invasion, metastasis, and antiapoptosis. Cancer cells lack differentiation and maturation into specialized cells. Cancer cells invade adjacent tissues and travel to other parts of the body through the blood or lymphatic system.

The clone is a single cancer cell or group of cancer cells and that is produced from the genetically identical parent cell. The establishment of the new clone of cancer cells paves the way for metastasis. Spread of cancer cells from their original site to other organs or parts of the body is known as metastasis.

Carcinogenesis is a multistep process, there are four major stages are found in carcinogenesis are initiation (alteration or mutation of genes by spontaneous or induced), promotion (invasion and clonal expansion), conversion (genetic changes), and progression (genetic as well as phenotypic changes and cancer proliferation).

The term tumor, malignancy, and neoplasm are synonyms for cancer. Neoplasm refers as a mass of new tissue or new cells. The tumor is classified into two: benign and malignant. Uniform size and shape of cells without invasion is called benign tumor and it may be harmless. Invasion of cancer cells to their surrounding area and other parts is known as a malignant tumor.

Various types of cancer are classified based on tissues, such as sarcomas (connective tissues), carcinomas (epithelial tissues), lymphomas (lymphatic tissues), leukemias (blood), and cancers of nervous tissues.

Conclusion

Carcinogenesis is the progression of cancer or tumor. It is a multistep process and mainly categorized into the benign tumor and the malignant tumor.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 5

Chapter 45, Problem 1O

Summary Introduction

To describe:

Concepts related to carcinogenesis.

Concept introduction:

Cancer cells are characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal cells, invasion, and metastasis. Drugs, which are used to treat cancer is generally known as chemotherapeutic drugs or antineoplastic drugs. Antineoplastic drugs are broadly classified into two categories based on targeting the phases of the cell cycle (cell cycle specific drugs and cell cycle non-specific drugs). The major adverse effects of chemotherapy are immune suppression, gastrointestinal distress, fatigue, anemia, nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and stomatitis. Most of the antineoplastic drugs cause adverse effects on rapidly dividing cells (for example, bone marrow cells, GI tract cells, and hair follicles).

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Carcinogenesis is also known as tumorigenesis, is the progression of cancer. Cancer is a group of diseases in which normal cell is transformed into genetically abnormal cells. Cancer is characterized by genetic or cellular changes, uncontrolled growth of cells, invasion, metastasis, and antiapoptosis. Cancer cells lack differentiation and maturation into specialized cells. Cancer cells invade adjacent tissues and travel to other parts of the body through the blood or lymphatic system.

The clone is a single cancer cell or group of cancer cells and that is produced from the genetically identical parent cell. The establishment of the new clone of cancer cells paves the way for metastasis. Spread of cancer cells from their original site to other organs or parts of the body is known as metastasis.

Carcinogenesis is a multistep process, there are four major stages are found in carcinogenesis are initiation (alteration or mutation of genes by spontaneous or induced), promotion (invasion and clonal expansion), conversion (genetic changes), and progression (genetic as well as phenotypic changes and cancer proliferation).

The term tumor, malignancy, and neoplasm are synonyms for cancer. Neoplasm refers as a mass of new tissue or new cells. The tumor is classified into two: benign and malignant. Uniform size and shape of cells without invasion is called benign tumor and it may be harmless. Invasion of cancer cells to their surrounding area and other parts is known as a malignant tumor.

Various types of cancer are classified based on tissues, such as sarcomas (connective tissues), carcinomas (epithelial tissues), lymphomas (lymphatic tissues), leukemias (blood), and cancers of nervous tissues.

Conclusion

Carcinogenesis is the progression of cancer or tumor. It is a multistep process and mainly categorized into the benign tumor and the malignant tumor.

Answer 6

Chapter 45, Problem 1O

Summary Introduction

To describe:

Concepts related to carcinogenesis.

Concept introduction:

Cancer cells are characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal cells, invasion, and metastasis. Drugs, which are used to treat cancer is generally known as chemotherapeutic drugs or antineoplastic drugs. Antineoplastic drugs are broadly classified into two categories based on targeting the phases of the cell cycle (cell cycle specific drugs and cell cycle non-specific drugs). The major adverse effects of chemotherapy are immune suppression, gastrointestinal distress, fatigue, anemia, nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and stomatitis. Most of the antineoplastic drugs cause adverse effects on rapidly dividing cells (for example, bone marrow cells, GI tract cells, and hair follicles).

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Carcinogenesis is also known as tumorigenesis, is the progression of cancer. Cancer is a group of diseases in which normal cell is transformed into genetically abnormal cells. Cancer is characterized by genetic or cellular changes, uncontrolled growth of cells, invasion, metastasis, and antiapoptosis. Cancer cells lack differentiation and maturation into specialized cells. Cancer cells invade adjacent tissues and travel to other parts of the body through the blood or lymphatic system.

The clone is a single cancer cell or group of cancer cells and that is produced from the genetically identical parent cell. The establishment of the new clone of cancer cells paves the way for metastasis. Spread of cancer cells from their original site to other organs or parts of the body is known as metastasis.

Carcinogenesis is a multistep process, there are four major stages are found in carcinogenesis are initiation (alteration or mutation of genes by spontaneous or induced), promotion (invasion and clonal expansion), conversion (genetic changes), and progression (genetic as well as phenotypic changes and cancer proliferation).

The term tumor, malignancy, and neoplasm are synonyms for cancer. Neoplasm refers as a mass of new tissue or new cells. The tumor is classified into two: benign and malignant. Uniform size and shape of cells without invasion is called benign tumor and it may be harmless. Invasion of cancer cells to their surrounding area and other parts is known as a malignant tumor.

Various types of cancer are classified based on tissues, such as sarcomas (connective tissues), carcinomas (epithelial tissues), lymphomas (lymphatic tissues), leukemias (blood), and cancers of nervous tissues.

Conclusion

Carcinogenesis is the progression of cancer or tumor. It is a multistep process and mainly categorized into the benign tumor and the malignant tumor.

Answer 7

Chapter 45, Problem 1O

Summary Introduction

To describe:

Concepts related to carcinogenesis.

Concept introduction:

Cancer cells are characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal cells, invasion, and metastasis. Drugs, which are used to treat cancer is generally known as chemotherapeutic drugs or antineoplastic drugs. Antineoplastic drugs are broadly classified into two categories based on targeting the phases of the cell cycle (cell cycle specific drugs and cell cycle non-specific drugs). The major adverse effects of chemotherapy are immune suppression, gastrointestinal distress, fatigue, anemia, nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and stomatitis. Most of the antineoplastic drugs cause adverse effects on rapidly dividing cells (for example, bone marrow cells, GI tract cells, and hair follicles).

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Carcinogenesis is also known as tumorigenesis, is the progression of cancer. Cancer is a group of diseases in which normal cell is transformed into genetically abnormal cells. Cancer is characterized by genetic or cellular changes, uncontrolled growth of cells, invasion, metastasis, and antiapoptosis. Cancer cells lack differentiation and maturation into specialized cells. Cancer cells invade adjacent tissues and travel to other parts of the body through the blood or lymphatic system.

The clone is a single cancer cell or group of cancer cells and that is produced from the genetically identical parent cell. The establishment of the new clone of cancer cells paves the way for metastasis. Spread of cancer cells from their original site to other organs or parts of the body is known as metastasis.

Carcinogenesis is a multistep process, there are four major stages are found in carcinogenesis are initiation (alteration or mutation of genes by spontaneous or induced), promotion (invasion and clonal expansion), conversion (genetic changes), and progression (genetic as well as phenotypic changes and cancer proliferation).

The term tumor, malignancy, and neoplasm are synonyms for cancer. Neoplasm refers as a mass of new tissue or new cells. The tumor is classified into two: benign and malignant. Uniform size and shape of cells without invasion is called benign tumor and it may be harmless. Invasion of cancer cells to their surrounding area and other parts is known as a malignant tumor.

Various types of cancer are classified based on tissues, such as sarcomas (connective tissues), carcinomas (epithelial tissues), lymphomas (lymphatic tissues), leukemias (blood), and cancers of nervous tissues.