To describe:
Concepts related to carcinogenesis.
Concept introduction:
Cancer cells are characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal cells, invasion, and metastasis. Drugs, which are used to treat cancer is generally known as chemotherapeutic drugs or antineoplastic drugs. Antineoplastic drugs are broadly classified into two categories based on targeting the phases of the cell cycle (cell cycle specific drugs and cell cycle non-specific drugs). The major adverse effects of chemotherapy are immune suppression, gastrointestinal distress, fatigue, anemia, nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and stomatitis. Most of the antineoplastic drugs cause adverse effects on rapidly dividing cells (for example, bone marrow cells, GI tract cells, and hair follicles).
Explanation of Solution
Carcinogenesis is also known as tumorigenesis, is the progression of cancer. Cancer is a group of diseases in which normal cell is transformed into genetically abnormal cells. Cancer is characterized by genetic or cellular changes, uncontrolled growth of cells, invasion, metastasis, and antiapoptosis. Cancer cells lack differentiation and maturation into specialized cells. Cancer cells invade adjacent tissues and travel to other parts of the body through the blood or lymphatic system.
The clone is a single cancer cell or group of cancer cells and that is produced from the genetically identical parent cell. The establishment of the new clone of cancer cells paves the way for metastasis. Spread of cancer cells from their original site to other organs or parts of the body is known as metastasis.
Carcinogenesis is a multistep process, there are four major stages are found in carcinogenesis are initiation (alteration or mutation of genes by spontaneous or induced), promotion (invasion and clonal expansion), conversion (genetic changes), and progression (genetic as well as
The term tumor, malignancy, and neoplasm are synonyms for cancer. Neoplasm refers as a mass of new tissue or new cells. The tumor is classified into two: benign and malignant. Uniform size and shape of cells without invasion is called benign tumor and it may be harmless. Invasion of cancer cells to their surrounding area and other parts is known as a malignant tumor.
Various types of cancer are classified based on tissues, such as sarcomas (connective tissues), carcinomas (epithelial tissues), lymphomas (lymphatic tissues), leukemias (blood), and cancers of nervous tissues.
Carcinogenesis is the progression of cancer or tumor. It is a multistep process and mainly categorized into the benign tumor and the malignant tumor.
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Chapter 45 Solutions
Pharmacology and the Nursing Process
- Simple explanations, please. B. Why is an accurate diagnosis of malnutrition important? H. Is BMI a food indicator of malnutrition? I. Can an overweight/obese patient develop malnutrition? Why or why not?arrow_forwardHow is the severity of malnutrition determined based off the table? Simple explanation please.arrow_forwardDiscuss on: 1. Peptic Ulcer disease Aetiology 2. Classification of drugs used in the treatment of PUD 3. Triple therapy of PUD 4. Drugs Contraindicated in PUDarrow_forward
- CATH LAB FUNDAMENTALS I WORKSHEET #2 Patient #1 NAME: AO 232/112 M CaO2 ml/L LV 232/25 CvO2 ml/L RA M 17 C.O. L/Min RV 61/17 S.V. ml/beat PA 61/25 M C.I. L/Min/M2 PAW M 25 S.I. ml/beat/M2 Hgb 10.3 S.V.R Dynes/sec/cm5 Hct % T.P.R Dynes/sec/cm5 PA Sat 56% P.V.R Dynes/sec/cm5 AO Sat 81% BSA M2 HR 113 BPM 02 Cons. 233 ml/min Ht _5_ft_10_in Wt. _330_lbs Patient#2 AO 78/46 M CaO2 ml/L LV 78/10 CvO2 ml/L RA M---7 C.O. L/Min RV 21/7 S.V. ml/beat PA 21/12 M C.I. L/Min/M2 PAW M- 12- S.I. S.V.R ml/beat/M2 Dynes/sec/cm5 Hct 45%…arrow_forwardPlease answer all questionsarrow_forwardCATH LAB FUNDAMENTALS I WORKSHEET #3 Patient #1 AO 113/68 M CaO2 mi/L LV 113/15 CvO2 ml/L RA M9 C.O. L/Min RV 33/8 S.V. PA 33/16 M C.I. ml/beat L/Min/M2 PAW M 17 S.I. ml/beat/M2 Hgb 15.1 S.V.R Dynes/sec/cm³ Hct % T.P.R Dynes/sec/cm³ PA Sat 69% P.V.R Dynes/sec/cm³ AO Sat 90% BSA M² HR 83BPM 02 Cons. _215_ml/min Ht _5_ft_5_in Wt. _213_ lbs Patient #2 AO 155/92 M CaO2 ml/L LV 155/21 CvO2 ml/L RA M 12 C.O. L/Min RV 41/22 S.V. ml/beat PA 41/20 M C.I. L/Min/M2 PAW M 20 S.I. Hgb S.V.R Hct 39 % T.P.R ml/beat/M2 Dynes/sec/cm³ Dynes/sec/cm³ 3 PA Sat 65 % P.V.R Dynes/sec/cm³ AO Sat _91 % BSA M² HR 88 BPM 02 Cons. 360 ml/min Ht 5 ft 11 in Wt. 169 lbs NAME:arrow_forward
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