Campbell Biology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9780134093413
Author: Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Jane B. Reece
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 44.1, Problem 1CC
The movement of salt from the surrounding water to the blood of a freshwater fish requires the expenditure of energy in the form of ATP. Why?
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A fish swims from a body of cool water into a body of warm water. As its body temperature rises, its rate of O2 consumption increases. The warm water, however is likely to have a lower concentration of dissolved O2 than the cool water because the solubility of O2 in water decreases as temperature increases. These two factors taken together, an increase in the fish's rate of O2 consumption and a decrease in the dissolved O2 concentration of its environmental water, can make it difficult for the fish to obtain enough O2 to meet its needs. The two factors can act as a two-pronged trap. Actually, however, the fish may face a three-pronged trap. How is the increase in temperature likely to affect the O2 affinity of the fish's hemoglobin, and how could the effect on hemoglobin add even further to the challenge the fish faces? Does global warming pose concerns of this sort?
Sharks live in marine (saltwater) habitats and are osmoconformers. Based on this information which of the following is/are true (select all that apply): A. Sharks have tissues/body fluids that are isoosmotic relative to the environment B. Sharks have tissues/body fluids that are hypoosmotic relative to the environment C. Sharks devote considerable energy to osmoregulation D. Sharks do not devote much energy to osmoregulation
When our tissues are burning metabolic fuel they produce protons and carbon dioxide. The enzyme carbonic anhydrase uses water to convert most of the carbon dioxide into carbonic acid.
i) Describe the change of the blood carbon dioxide concentration of the swimmer from Phase I to the end of Phase II (do NOT explain the other phases)?
ii) How does this change in the blood carbon dioxide concentration impact the pH of the blood of the swimmer from Phase I to the end of Phase II (do NOT explain the other phases)?
iii) explain the chemical reasoning behind the impact on pH from Phase I to the end of Phase II (do NOT explain the other phases).
Chapter 44 Solutions
Campbell Biology (11th Edition)
Ch. 44.1 - The movement of salt from the surrounding water to...Ch. 44.1 - Prob. 2CCCh. 44.1 - WHAT IF? Researchers found that a camel in the...Ch. 44.2 - What advantage does uric acid offer as a...Ch. 44.2 - Prob. 2CCCh. 44.3 - Prob. 1CCCh. 44.3 - Where and how does filtrate originate in the...Ch. 44.3 - Prob. 3CCCh. 44.4 - What do the number and length of nephrons in a...Ch. 44.4 - Many medications make the epithelium of the...
Ch. 44.4 - Prob. 3CCCh. 44.5 - How does alcohol affect regulation of water...Ch. 44.5 - Prob. 2CCCh. 44.5 - Prob. 3CCCh. 44 - Prob. 44.1CRCh. 44 - DRAW IT Construct a table summarizing the three...Ch. 44 - Prob. 44.3CRCh. 44 - Prob. 44.4CRCh. 44 - Why can only some patients with diabetes insipidus...Ch. 44 - Prob. 1TYUCh. 44 - Prob. 2TYUCh. 44 - Prob. 3TYUCh. 44 - The high osmolality of the renal medulla is...Ch. 44 - In which of the following species should natural...Ch. 44 - Prob. 6TYUCh. 44 - Prob. 7TYUCh. 44 - Prob. 8TYUCh. 44 - SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY You are exploring kidney...Ch. 44 - Prob. 10TYUCh. 44 - SYNTHESIZE YOUR KNOWLEDGE The marine iguana...
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- Imagine a saltwater fish is placed into freshwater. What would happen on a cellular level? How are fish like salmon, who spend the first part of their life in the ocean and then travel to freshwater to spawn, able to overcome potential physiological consequences? Describe three adaptations salmon use to overcome the salinity changes encountered.arrow_forwardIn a Bio lab you determine that the cost of transport for two fish from different species is 1 kJ/km for fish one, and 10 kJ/km for fish two. Provide an estimate of the swimming speed of each fish assuming that a) both fish have the same metabolic rate; b) fish two has a metabolic rate 10 times higher than the metabolic rate of fish one; and c) fish one has a metabolic rate that is 100 times smaller than the metabolic rate of fish two. Note that the ratio of metabolic rate to speed defines the cost of transport in units of energy/distancearrow_forwardTwo solutions are separated by a semipermeable membrane that is permeable only to water. The two solutions are: Solution A = 150 mM KCl Solution B = 150 mM Angiotensin (a 7 amino acid polypeptide) Which of the following would best explain the net movement in this situation? - water will move from the KCl side to Angiotensin side - water will move from Angiotensin side to KCl side - The Cl- ion will move to the angiotensin side until there is 75 mM Cl- on each side - Since Angiotensin is not an ion, it can move through the membrane - There is no net water movement as the concentrations are the same on both sidesarrow_forward
- When bacteria such as E. coli are starved to a sufficient extent, they become nonmotile. However, when such bacteria are placed in an acidic solution, they resume swimming. Explainarrow_forwardHere is a chloride cell in the gill epithelium of a fish. For reference, NKA = Na+/K+ ATPaseNKCC = Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporter. (image 1) The same proteins have been identified in shark rectal gland, marine birds and reptiles (salt glands in nostrils), marine fishes (chloride cells in their gills) and mammals that transport salt in their kidneys. (image 2) When biologists were testing the mechanism of salt excretion in sharks, they used a chemical called ouabain to inhibit the Na+/K+ ATPase to see if there was an effect. Which result would you expect to see with ouabain treatment? A. A decrease in Cl- in the epithelial cells. B. An increase in ADP in the epithelial cells. C. An increase in K+ in the epithelial cells. D. A decrease in Na+ in the epithelial cells.arrow_forwardA freshwater fish was accidentally placed in salt water. After several minutes in the saline water it died. What is the most logical explanation for its death?arrow_forward
- The carbonic acid equilibria are shown below. Tissues that are aerobically active produce CO2. This causes this equilibrium to shift to the ______, which causes the pH of the blood to ______. H+ + HCO3- <--> H2CO3 <--> H2O + CO2 a) right; increase b) right; decrease c) left; increase d) left; decreasearrow_forwardsodium-potassium pumps are the driving force behindarrow_forwardThis protein maintains the low intracellular Na+ needed for Na+ reabsorption. Group of answer choices ATP synthase ENaC SGLT Na+-K+-ATPasearrow_forward
- Match the metabolic pathway in Figure:17.7 with the reactions listed on 394.arrow_forwardIn the stomach, parietal cells are responsible for the formation of the gastric juice. During acid secretion, the pH in the stomach is estimated to be pH = 2, whereas parietal cells maintain an intracellular pH =7.35. The transmembrane potential of parietal cells is typically -70 mV. Body temperature 37°C. 1) Calculate the proton gradient concentration across the parietal membrane 2) Calculate the free energy change associated with the secretion of 1 mole of H* 3) Do you think that Ht transport can be driven by ATP hydrolysis at the ratio of one molecule of ATP per H* transported? You can use your textbook or other sources to check AG for ATP hydrolysis 4) If H* where free to move back to into the cell, calculate the membrane potential that would be required to prevent them to do soarrow_forwardMany, but not all, marine fishes are simultaneously both osmoregulators and ionoregulators. Say that a friend caught a fish off of the Cape Cod coast where the seawater has an osmotic pressure of 1,050 mosmol.L-1 and a Na+ concentration of 450 mmol.L-1. Which of the following plasma compositions might reasonably be consistent with your friend's fish being such an osmoregulating and ionoregulating species? A. plasma osmotic pressure = 350 mosmol.L-1; plasma Na+ concentration = 430 mmol.L-1 B. plasma osmotic pressure = 1,050 mosmol.L-1; plasma Na+ concentration = 450 mmol.L-1 C. plasma osmotic pressure = 1,035 mosmol.L-1; plasma Na+ concentration = 170 mmol.L-1 D. plasma osmotic pressure = 355 mosmol.L-1; plasma Na+ concentration = 161 mmol.L-1 E. None of the above answer choices correctly answers the question.arrow_forward
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