How does the flow of a fluid in a closed circulatory system differ from the movement of molecules between cells and their environment with regard to distance traveled, direction traveled, and driving force?

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Answer 1

Textbook Question

Chapter 42, Problem 42.1CR

How does the flow of a fluid in a closed circulatory system differ from the movement of molecules between cells and their environment with regard to distance traveled, direction traveled, and driving force?

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To determine: The differences between the flows of fluid in closed circulatory system from the movement of molecules between cells and their environment with regard to distance traveled, direction traveled, and driving force.

Introduction: A circulatory system has three basic components including a circulatory fluid, a set of interconnecting vessels, and a muscular pumping system called as the heart. By transporting circulatory fluid (usually blood) throughout the body, the circulatory system links the aqueous environment of the body cells to the organs involved in gaseous exchange, nutrient absorption, and disposal of wastes.

Explanation of Solution

The differences between the flows of fluid in closed circulatory system from the movement of molecules between cells and their environment with regard to distance traveled, direction traveled, and driving force are given as follows:

Characteristics	Flow of fluid in closed circulatory system	The movement of molecules between cells and their environment
Distance traveled	Millimeters to meters	Less or equal to 1 millimeter
Direction traveled	Single direction	Random direction
Driving force	ATP-driven muscular pump	Diffusion

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How does the flow of a fluid in a closed circulatory system differ fromthe movement of molecules between cells and their environment withregard to distance traveled, direction traveled, and driving force?

Transport of biomolecules to tissues takes place through capillary walls by both convection and diffusion. Consider an endothelium in which the gaps between the cells are characterized by the following dimensions: L=1 µm long, h=200 nm high, and W=10 nm in width (the last dimension is the distance between the two cells). The fluid is at 37degC and has the same properties as physiologic saline. Let the average pressure in the capillary be 45 mm Hg and let the pressure in the tissue be 0 mm Hg (ignore osmotic effects). Consider a small solute that has a diffusion coefficient of 1x10-5 cm2/s. Does this solute pass across the endothelium by diffusion or is it primarily carried by flow?

Which of the following statements best describes the differences in the regulation of cardiac and skeletal muscle contraction? The amount of contractile force actively generated by muscle cells is increased by stretch in skeletal muscle and decreased by stretch in cardiac muscle. Cardiac muscle is stimulated by motor neurons and skeletal muscle by neurones from the autonomic nervous system. Skeletal muscle contractile force is augmented by increasing the firing frequency of action potentials whereas cardiac muscle contractile force is enhanced by noradrenaline increasing calcium influx through ion channels. Ryanodine receptors in skeletal muscle are opened by a mechanism that requires calcium influx whereas in cardiac muscle membrane depolarisation alone without calcium influx is sufficient to open ryanodine receptors.

Answer 2

Textbook Question

Chapter 42, Problem 42.1CR

How does the flow of a fluid in a closed circulatory system differ from the movement of molecules between cells and their environment with regard to distance traveled, direction traveled, and driving force?

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To determine: The differences between the flows of fluid in closed circulatory system from the movement of molecules between cells and their environment with regard to distance traveled, direction traveled, and driving force.

Introduction: A circulatory system has three basic components including a circulatory fluid, a set of interconnecting vessels, and a muscular pumping system called as the heart. By transporting circulatory fluid (usually blood) throughout the body, the circulatory system links the aqueous environment of the body cells to the organs involved in gaseous exchange, nutrient absorption, and disposal of wastes.

Explanation of Solution

The differences between the flows of fluid in closed circulatory system from the movement of molecules between cells and their environment with regard to distance traveled, direction traveled, and driving force are given as follows:

Characteristics	Flow of fluid in closed circulatory system	The movement of molecules between cells and their environment
Distance traveled	Millimeters to meters	Less or equal to 1 millimeter
Direction traveled	Single direction	Random direction
Driving force	ATP-driven muscular pump	Diffusion

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Answer 3

Textbook Question

Chapter 42, Problem 42.1CR

How does the flow of a fluid in a closed circulatory system differ from the movement of molecules between cells and their environment with regard to distance traveled, direction traveled, and driving force?

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To determine: The differences between the flows of fluid in closed circulatory system from the movement of molecules between cells and their environment with regard to distance traveled, direction traveled, and driving force.

Introduction: A circulatory system has three basic components including a circulatory fluid, a set of interconnecting vessels, and a muscular pumping system called as the heart. By transporting circulatory fluid (usually blood) throughout the body, the circulatory system links the aqueous environment of the body cells to the organs involved in gaseous exchange, nutrient absorption, and disposal of wastes.

Explanation of Solution

The differences between the flows of fluid in closed circulatory system from the movement of molecules between cells and their environment with regard to distance traveled, direction traveled, and driving force are given as follows:

Characteristics	Flow of fluid in closed circulatory system	The movement of molecules between cells and their environment
Distance traveled	Millimeters to meters	Less or equal to 1 millimeter
Direction traveled	Single direction	Random direction
Driving force	ATP-driven muscular pump	Diffusion

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Answer 4

Textbook Question

Chapter 42, Problem 42.1CR

How does the flow of a fluid in a closed circulatory system differ from the movement of molecules between cells and their environment with regard to distance traveled, direction traveled, and driving force?

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To determine: The differences between the flows of fluid in closed circulatory system from the movement of molecules between cells and their environment with regard to distance traveled, direction traveled, and driving force.

Introduction: A circulatory system has three basic components including a circulatory fluid, a set of interconnecting vessels, and a muscular pumping system called as the heart. By transporting circulatory fluid (usually blood) throughout the body, the circulatory system links the aqueous environment of the body cells to the organs involved in gaseous exchange, nutrient absorption, and disposal of wastes.

Explanation of Solution

The differences between the flows of fluid in closed circulatory system from the movement of molecules between cells and their environment with regard to distance traveled, direction traveled, and driving force are given as follows:

Characteristics	Flow of fluid in closed circulatory system	The movement of molecules between cells and their environment
Distance traveled	Millimeters to meters	Less or equal to 1 millimeter
Direction traveled	Single direction	Random direction
Driving force	ATP-driven muscular pump	Diffusion

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Answer 5

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Answer 6

Textbook Question

Answer 7

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To determine: The differences between the flows of fluid in closed circulatory system from the movement of molecules between cells and their environment with regard to distance traveled, direction traveled, and driving force.

Introduction: A circulatory system has three basic components including a circulatory fluid, a set of interconnecting vessels, and a muscular pumping system called as the heart. By transporting circulatory fluid (usually blood) throughout the body, the circulatory system links the aqueous environment of the body cells to the organs involved in gaseous exchange, nutrient absorption, and disposal of wastes.

Explanation of Solution

The differences between the flows of fluid in closed circulatory system from the movement of molecules between cells and their environment with regard to distance traveled, direction traveled, and driving force are given as follows:

Characteristics	Flow of fluid in closed circulatory system	The movement of molecules between cells and their environment
Distance traveled	Millimeters to meters	Less or equal to 1 millimeter
Direction traveled	Single direction	Random direction
Driving force	ATP-driven muscular pump	Diffusion

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To determine: The differences between the flows of fluid in closed circulatory system from the movement of molecules between cells and their environment with regard to distance traveled, direction traveled, and driving force.

Introduction: A circulatory system has three basic components including a circulatory fluid, a set of interconnecting vessels, and a muscular pumping system called as the heart. By transporting circulatory fluid (usually blood) throughout the body, the circulatory system links the aqueous environment of the body cells to the organs involved in gaseous exchange, nutrient absorption, and disposal of wastes.

Explanation of Solution

The differences between the flows of fluid in closed circulatory system from the movement of molecules between cells and their environment with regard to distance traveled, direction traveled, and driving force are given as follows:

Characteristics	Flow of fluid in closed circulatory system	The movement of molecules between cells and their environment
Distance traveled	Millimeters to meters	Less or equal to 1 millimeter
Direction traveled	Single direction	Random direction
Driving force	ATP-driven muscular pump	Diffusion

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Summary Introduction

To determine: The differences between the flows of fluid in closed circulatory system from the movement of molecules between cells and their environment with regard to distance traveled, direction traveled, and driving force.

Introduction: A circulatory system has three basic components including a circulatory fluid, a set of interconnecting vessels, and a muscular pumping system called as the heart. By transporting circulatory fluid (usually blood) throughout the body, the circulatory system links the aqueous environment of the body cells to the organs involved in gaseous exchange, nutrient absorption, and disposal of wastes.

Answer 12

Explanation of Solution

The differences between the flows of fluid in closed circulatory system from the movement of molecules between cells and their environment with regard to distance traveled, direction traveled, and driving force are given as follows:

Characteristics	Flow of fluid in closed circulatory system	The movement of molecules between cells and their environment
Distance traveled	Millimeters to meters	Less or equal to 1 millimeter
Direction traveled	Single direction	Random direction
Driving force	ATP-driven muscular pump	Diffusion

Answer 13

Ch. 42.1 - Prob. 1CC Ch. 42.1 - Three-chambered hearts with incomplete septa were...Ch. 42.1 - Prob. 3CC Ch. 42.2 - Explain why blood has a higher 02 concentration in...Ch. 42.2 - Prob. 2CC Ch. 42.2 - Prob. 3CC Ch. 42.3 - Prob. 1CC Ch. 42.3 - Prob. 2CC Ch. 42.3 - Prob. 3CC Ch. 42.4 - Explain why a physician might order a white cell...

How does the flow of a fluid in a closed circulatory system differ from the movement of molecules between cells and their environment with regard to distance traveled, direction traveled, and driving force?

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