How does the flow of a fluid in a closed circulatory system differ from the movement of molecules between cells and their environment with regard to distance traveled, direction traveled, and driving force?
To determine: The differences between the flows of fluid in closed circulatory system from the movement of molecules between cells and their environment with regard to distance traveled, direction traveled, and driving force.
Introduction: A circulatory system has three basic components including a circulatory fluid, a set of interconnecting vessels, and a muscular pumping system called as the heart. By transporting circulatory fluid (usually blood) throughout the body, the circulatory system links the aqueous environment of the body cells to the organs involved in gaseous exchange, nutrient absorption, and disposal of wastes.
Explanation of Solution
The differences between the flows of fluid in closed circulatory system from the movement of molecules between cells and their environment with regard to distance traveled, direction traveled, and driving force are given as follows:
Characteristics | Flow of fluid in closed circulatory system | The movement of molecules between cells and their environment |
Distance traveled | Millimeters to meters | Less or equal to 1 millimeter |
Direction traveled | Single direction | Random direction |
Driving force | ATP-driven muscular pump | Diffusion |
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 42 Solutions
Campbell Biology (11th Edition)
- When the protein spectrin (in human red blood cells) holds the erythrocyte membrane in place, by attaching it to cytoskeletal proteins, spectrin is exhibiting: restricted movement in the membrane, based on tethering to extracellular molecules restricted movement in the membrane, based on confinement by diffusion barriers unrestricted movement in the membrane, similar to membrane lipids restricted movement in the membrane, based on attachment to other cells restricted movement in the membrane, based on anchoring to intracellular proteinsarrow_forwardOf the choices below, pick the answer that best characterises pulsatile flow: O In pulsatile flow, red blood cells must deform to pass through blood vessels. Pulsatile flow is is primarily dependent on a fluid's potential energy The continuity equations cannot be applied to pulsatile flow O Pulsatile flow is dominant in large blood vessels such as arteries leading directly from the heart. Pulsatile flow must take turbulence into account.arrow_forwardDescribe the action potential of an autorhythmic cell in the heart.a) Indicate how the opening and closing of each ion channel affects the membrane potential of the cell.b) Provide one similarity between the action potential of an autorhythmic cell and the action potential of a neuron.c) Provide one difference between the action potential of an autorhythmic cell and the action potential of a neuron.arrow_forward
- Which one of the following combinations of the organisation of cells, tissues and organs is correct? J K L M Cells Muscle Blood cell Tracheid Bone Tissue Nervous Muscular Vascular Connective Organ Eye Brain Stem Heart In humans, the circulatory system contains a number of different transport vessels including arteries, veins and capillaries. There are two different types of capillaries involved in transporting materials. Which one of the following statements correctly identifies the type of capillary with its function? J. Blood capillaries are responsible for absorbing digested fat molecules in the villi of the small intestine. K. Lymph capillaries transport important molecules including oxygen to the brain. L. Blood capillaries are involved in the exchange of gases in the alveoli of the lungs. M. Lymph and Blood capillaries are both responsible for transporting red blood cells to the heart.arrow_forwardYou are studying bulk flow in a tissue. You have measured the following: Blood pressure at the arterial end of the capillary – 30mmHg Osmotic pressure at the arterial end of the capillary – 20 mmHg partial pressure of oxygen at the arterial end of the capillary – 42 mmHg; partial pressure of CO2 – 40mmHg partial pressure of O2 at the venous end – 42 mmHg; partial pressure of CO2 – 46mmHg Blood pressure at the venous end of the capillary – 14mmHg Osmotic pressure at the venous end of the capillary – 20 mmHg Pick all that would apply A)the 10 mm Hg pressure difference will drive blood plasma into the interstitial fluid B)the 6 mm Hg pressure difference will drive blood plasma into the interstitial fluid C)the hydrostatic pressure declines from the arterial side to the venous side because oxygen is lost. D)the pH is lower on the arterial side than on the venous side. E)the osmotic pressure remains constant due to carbon dioxide compensation. F)oxygen is taken up by the…arrow_forwardYou are doing experiments in a lab to test a potential new drug (you are calling it “relaxomere”) for the treatment of hypertension. You perform your initial experiments on a section of artery that you have removed from your laboratory rats. You are extremely excited because placing your arterial prep in a bath containing relaxomere results in significant increases in diameter as a result of smooth muscle relaxation. However, when you attempt to produce the same relaxing affect in smooth muscle cells that you have isolated from your arterial prep you get absolutely no response. You are very depressed until you recall a mechanism discussed in physiology class that could explain this result. Completely describe this mechanism.arrow_forward
- What is the electrical sequence that causes the beating of the heart and the transport of molecules/ions across the cell membrane?arrow_forwardDuring rhythmic, moderately intense aerobic exercise, there is a redistribution of blood flow throughout the body. Which of the following statements is true? O beta-2 receptors cause dilation and increased blood flow to the exercising muscle there is a large increase in blood flow to the brain to keep you alert mean arterial pressure increases 5-8x due to a similar increase in total cardiac output blood flow to the kidneys and gut increases due to the presence of alpha-2 receptorsarrow_forwardassume the frog heart tissue is placed in a temperature-controlled petri dish containing ringer's solution, will the heart continue to beat ? explain ?arrow_forward
- Below are drawings of three different action potentials. Two of these occur in the heart, and one occurs in skeletal muscle. Which one comes from a contractile cardiac muscle cell? A skeletal muscle cell? A cardiac pacemaker cell? For each one, state which ion is responsible for the depolarization phase and which ion is responsible for the repolarization phase.arrow_forwardIn a sheet of ventricular cardiac muscle tissue, we should be able to observe electricity spreading between adjacent muscle cells (TRUE or FALSE) and from Purkinje fibers to muscle cells (TRUE or FALSE) via electrical synapses that form between the cell membranes.arrow_forwardYou are a world-famous muscle physiologist studying the control of smooth muscle in arterioles found in the human kidney. Your preparation includes an intact arteriole placed in an isotonic solution with a supply of glucose and oxygen to keep the tissue alive. Within the controlled bath, you can attach the arteriole to the end of a tube, and you control the pressure of fluid flowing through the tube. As you increase the pressure inside the arteriole, the arteriole constricts reflexively. Which vascular phenomenon does this example illustrate?arrow_forward
- Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap ...BiologyISBN:9781285866932Author:Lauralee SherwoodPublisher:Cengage Learning