Chapter 4, Problem 48E

Explanation of Solution

Grounding of an electric signal:

• Basic principles of electricity:
  • While grounding an electrical signal, it is allowed to flow through an alternative route to the ground that will not cause any damage.
  • When the electrical signal is grounded, the electrical signal is pulled down to 0 volts.
• The diagram for the NOT gate by using the transistor is given below:

From the above NOT diagram:

• The NOT diagram is similar to the basic connections of the transistor diagram.
• In the NOT gate:
  • Single transistor is used to create the NOT gate.
  • ${\text{V}}_{\text{in}}$ is taken as the input line to the NOT gate and ${\text{V}}_{\text{out}}$ is taken as the output line to the NOT gate