(a) Interpretation: The oxidation state of all atoms in nitrogen oxide should be assigned. Concept introduction: The chemical reaction in which both oxidation and reduction process takes place is known as redox reaction . In this reaction, transfer of electrons takes place among the elements. Oxidation is the process in which either loss of electrons takes place, oxidation number increases, or loss of hydrogen atoms takes place. An element is oxidized, when oxidation number increases. Reduction is the process in which either gain of electrons takes place, oxidation number decreases, or gain of hydrogen atoms takes place. An element is reduced, when oxidation number decreases. Oxidation state is also known as oxidation number. It is defined as the number assigned to the elements in a chemical combination and this number represents the electrons which an atom can share, lose or gain to form chemical bonding with an atom of another element. Therefore, transfer of electrons refers to the oxidation state.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 4, Problem 39QAP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The oxidation state of all atoms in nitrogen oxide should be assigned.

Concept introduction:

The chemical reaction in which both oxidation and reduction process takes place is known as redox reaction. In this reaction, transfer of electrons takes place among the elements.

Oxidation is the process in which either loss of electrons takes place, oxidation number increases, or loss of hydrogen atoms takes place. An element is oxidized, when oxidation number increases.

Reduction is the process in which either gain of electrons takes place, oxidation number decreases, or gain of hydrogen atoms takes place. An element is reduced, when oxidation number decreases.

Oxidation state is also known as oxidation number. It is defined as the number assigned to the elements in a chemical combination and this number represents the electrons which an atom can share, lose or gain to form chemical bonding with an atom of another element.

Therefore, transfer of electrons refers to the oxidation state.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The oxidation state of all atoms in ammonia should be assigned.

Concept introduction:

The chemical reaction in which both oxidation and reduction process takes place is known as redox reaction. In this reaction, transfer of electrons takes place among the elements.

Oxidation is the process in which either loss of electrons takes place, oxidation number increases, or loss of hydrogen atoms takes place. An element is oxidized, when oxidation number increases.

Reduction is the process in which either gain of electrons takes place, oxidation number decreases, or gain of hydrogen atoms takes place. An element is reduced, when oxidation number decreases.

Oxidation state is also known as oxidation number. It is defined as the number assigned to the elements in a chemical combination and this number represents the electrons which an atom can share, lose or gain to form chemical bonding with an atom of another element.

Therefore, transfer of electrons refers to the oxidation state.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The oxidation state of all atoms in potassium peroxide should be assigned.

Concept introduction:

The chemical reaction in which both oxidation and reduction process takes place is known as redox reaction. In this reaction, transfer of electrons takes place among the elements.

Oxidation is the process in which either loss of electrons takes place, oxidation number increases, or loss of hydrogen atoms takes place. An element is oxidized, when oxidation number increases.

Reduction is the process in which either gain of electrons takes place, oxidation number decreases, or gain of hydrogen atoms takes place. An element is reduced, when oxidation number decreases.

Oxidation state is also known as oxidation number. It is defined as the number assigned to the elements in a chemical combination and this number represents the electrons which an atom can share, lose or gain to form chemical bonding with an atom of another element.

Therefore, transfer of electrons refers to the oxidation state.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The oxidation state of all atoms in chlorate ion ( ClO3− )should be assigned.

Concept introduction:

The chemical reaction in which both oxidation and reduction process takes place is known as redox reaction. In this reaction, transfer of electrons takes place among the elements.

Oxidation is the process in which either loss of electrons takes place, oxidation number increases, or loss of hydrogen atoms takes place. An element is oxidized, when oxidation number increases.

Reduction is the process in which either gain of electrons takes place, oxidation number decreases, or gain of hydrogen atoms takes place. An element is reduced, when oxidation number decreases.

Oxidation state is also known as oxidation number. It is defined as the number assigned to the elements in a chemical combination and this number represents the electrons which an atom can share, lose or gain to form chemical bonding with an atom of another element.

Therefore, transfer of electrons refers to the oxidation state.

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3. Consider the compounds below and determine if they are aromatic, antiaromatic, or non-aromatic. In case of aromatic or anti-aromatic, please indicate number of I electrons in the respective systems. (Hint: 1. Not all lone pair electrons were explicitly drawn and you should be able to tell that the bonding electrons and lone pair electrons should reside in which hybridized atomic orbital 2. You should consider ring strain- flexibility and steric repulsion that facilitates adoption of aromaticity or avoidance of anti- aromaticity) H H N N: NH2 N Aromaticity (Circle) Aromatic Aromatic Aromatic Aromatic Aromatic Antiaromatic Antiaromatic Antiaromatic Antiaromatic Antiaromatic nonaromatic nonaromatic nonaromatic nonaromatic nonaromatic aromatic TT electrons Me H Me Aromaticity (Circle) Aromatic Aromatic Aromatic Aromatic Aromatic Antiaromatic Antiaromatic Antiaromatic Antiaromatic Antiaromatic nonaromatic nonaromatic nonaromatic nonaromatic nonaromatic aromatic πT electrons H HH…

A chemistry graduate student is studying the rate of this reaction: 2 HI (g) →H2(g) +12(g) She fills a reaction vessel with HI and measures its concentration as the reaction proceeds: time (minutes) [IH] 0 0.800M 1.0 0.301 M 2.0 0.185 M 3.0 0.134M 4.0 0.105 M Use this data to answer the following questions. Write the rate law for this reaction. rate = 0 Calculate the value of the rate constant k. k = Round your answer to 2 significant digits. Also be sure your answer has the correct unit symbol.

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 4, Problem 39QAP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The oxidation state of all atoms in nitrogen oxide should be assigned.

Concept introduction:

The chemical reaction in which both oxidation and reduction process takes place is known as redox reaction. In this reaction, transfer of electrons takes place among the elements.

Oxidation is the process in which either loss of electrons takes place, oxidation number increases, or loss of hydrogen atoms takes place. An element is oxidized, when oxidation number increases.

Reduction is the process in which either gain of electrons takes place, oxidation number decreases, or gain of hydrogen atoms takes place. An element is reduced, when oxidation number decreases.

Oxidation state is also known as oxidation number. It is defined as the number assigned to the elements in a chemical combination and this number represents the electrons which an atom can share, lose or gain to form chemical bonding with an atom of another element.

Therefore, transfer of electrons refers to the oxidation state.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The oxidation state of all atoms in ammonia should be assigned.

Concept introduction:

The chemical reaction in which both oxidation and reduction process takes place is known as redox reaction. In this reaction, transfer of electrons takes place among the elements.

Oxidation is the process in which either loss of electrons takes place, oxidation number increases, or loss of hydrogen atoms takes place. An element is oxidized, when oxidation number increases.

Reduction is the process in which either gain of electrons takes place, oxidation number decreases, or gain of hydrogen atoms takes place. An element is reduced, when oxidation number decreases.

Oxidation state is also known as oxidation number. It is defined as the number assigned to the elements in a chemical combination and this number represents the electrons which an atom can share, lose or gain to form chemical bonding with an atom of another element.

Therefore, transfer of electrons refers to the oxidation state.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The oxidation state of all atoms in potassium peroxide should be assigned.

Concept introduction:

The chemical reaction in which both oxidation and reduction process takes place is known as redox reaction. In this reaction, transfer of electrons takes place among the elements.

Oxidation is the process in which either loss of electrons takes place, oxidation number increases, or loss of hydrogen atoms takes place. An element is oxidized, when oxidation number increases.

Reduction is the process in which either gain of electrons takes place, oxidation number decreases, or gain of hydrogen atoms takes place. An element is reduced, when oxidation number decreases.

Oxidation state is also known as oxidation number. It is defined as the number assigned to the elements in a chemical combination and this number represents the electrons which an atom can share, lose or gain to form chemical bonding with an atom of another element.

Therefore, transfer of electrons refers to the oxidation state.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The oxidation state of all atoms in chlorate ion ( ClO3− )should be assigned.

Concept introduction:

The chemical reaction in which both oxidation and reduction process takes place is known as redox reaction. In this reaction, transfer of electrons takes place among the elements.

Oxidation is the process in which either loss of electrons takes place, oxidation number increases, or loss of hydrogen atoms takes place. An element is oxidized, when oxidation number increases.

Reduction is the process in which either gain of electrons takes place, oxidation number decreases, or gain of hydrogen atoms takes place. An element is reduced, when oxidation number decreases.

Oxidation state is also known as oxidation number. It is defined as the number assigned to the elements in a chemical combination and this number represents the electrons which an atom can share, lose or gain to form chemical bonding with an atom of another element.

Therefore, transfer of electrons refers to the oxidation state.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 4, Problem 39QAP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The oxidation state of all atoms in nitrogen oxide should be assigned.

Concept introduction:

The chemical reaction in which both oxidation and reduction process takes place is known as redox reaction. In this reaction, transfer of electrons takes place among the elements.

Oxidation is the process in which either loss of electrons takes place, oxidation number increases, or loss of hydrogen atoms takes place. An element is oxidized, when oxidation number increases.

Reduction is the process in which either gain of electrons takes place, oxidation number decreases, or gain of hydrogen atoms takes place. An element is reduced, when oxidation number decreases.

Oxidation state is also known as oxidation number. It is defined as the number assigned to the elements in a chemical combination and this number represents the electrons which an atom can share, lose or gain to form chemical bonding with an atom of another element.

Therefore, transfer of electrons refers to the oxidation state.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The oxidation state of all atoms in ammonia should be assigned.

Concept introduction:

The chemical reaction in which both oxidation and reduction process takes place is known as redox reaction. In this reaction, transfer of electrons takes place among the elements.

Oxidation is the process in which either loss of electrons takes place, oxidation number increases, or loss of hydrogen atoms takes place. An element is oxidized, when oxidation number increases.

Reduction is the process in which either gain of electrons takes place, oxidation number decreases, or gain of hydrogen atoms takes place. An element is reduced, when oxidation number decreases.

Oxidation state is also known as oxidation number. It is defined as the number assigned to the elements in a chemical combination and this number represents the electrons which an atom can share, lose or gain to form chemical bonding with an atom of another element.

Therefore, transfer of electrons refers to the oxidation state.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The oxidation state of all atoms in potassium peroxide should be assigned.

Concept introduction:

The chemical reaction in which both oxidation and reduction process takes place is known as redox reaction. In this reaction, transfer of electrons takes place among the elements.

Oxidation is the process in which either loss of electrons takes place, oxidation number increases, or loss of hydrogen atoms takes place. An element is oxidized, when oxidation number increases.

Reduction is the process in which either gain of electrons takes place, oxidation number decreases, or gain of hydrogen atoms takes place. An element is reduced, when oxidation number decreases.

Oxidation state is also known as oxidation number. It is defined as the number assigned to the elements in a chemical combination and this number represents the electrons which an atom can share, lose or gain to form chemical bonding with an atom of another element.

Therefore, transfer of electrons refers to the oxidation state.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The oxidation state of all atoms in chlorate ion ( ClO3− )should be assigned.

Concept introduction:

The chemical reaction in which both oxidation and reduction process takes place is known as redox reaction. In this reaction, transfer of electrons takes place among the elements.

Oxidation is the process in which either loss of electrons takes place, oxidation number increases, or loss of hydrogen atoms takes place. An element is oxidized, when oxidation number increases.

Reduction is the process in which either gain of electrons takes place, oxidation number decreases, or gain of hydrogen atoms takes place. An element is reduced, when oxidation number decreases.

Oxidation state is also known as oxidation number. It is defined as the number assigned to the elements in a chemical combination and this number represents the electrons which an atom can share, lose or gain to form chemical bonding with an atom of another element.

Therefore, transfer of electrons refers to the oxidation state.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 4, Problem 39QAP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The oxidation state of all atoms in nitrogen oxide should be assigned.

Concept introduction:

The chemical reaction in which both oxidation and reduction process takes place is known as redox reaction. In this reaction, transfer of electrons takes place among the elements.

Oxidation is the process in which either loss of electrons takes place, oxidation number increases, or loss of hydrogen atoms takes place. An element is oxidized, when oxidation number increases.

Reduction is the process in which either gain of electrons takes place, oxidation number decreases, or gain of hydrogen atoms takes place. An element is reduced, when oxidation number decreases.

Oxidation state is also known as oxidation number. It is defined as the number assigned to the elements in a chemical combination and this number represents the electrons which an atom can share, lose or gain to form chemical bonding with an atom of another element.

Therefore, transfer of electrons refers to the oxidation state.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The oxidation state of all atoms in ammonia should be assigned.

Concept introduction:

The chemical reaction in which both oxidation and reduction process takes place is known as redox reaction. In this reaction, transfer of electrons takes place among the elements.

Oxidation is the process in which either loss of electrons takes place, oxidation number increases, or loss of hydrogen atoms takes place. An element is oxidized, when oxidation number increases.

Reduction is the process in which either gain of electrons takes place, oxidation number decreases, or gain of hydrogen atoms takes place. An element is reduced, when oxidation number decreases.

Oxidation state is also known as oxidation number. It is defined as the number assigned to the elements in a chemical combination and this number represents the electrons which an atom can share, lose or gain to form chemical bonding with an atom of another element.

Therefore, transfer of electrons refers to the oxidation state.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The oxidation state of all atoms in potassium peroxide should be assigned.

Concept introduction:

The chemical reaction in which both oxidation and reduction process takes place is known as redox reaction. In this reaction, transfer of electrons takes place among the elements.

Oxidation is the process in which either loss of electrons takes place, oxidation number increases, or loss of hydrogen atoms takes place. An element is oxidized, when oxidation number increases.

Reduction is the process in which either gain of electrons takes place, oxidation number decreases, or gain of hydrogen atoms takes place. An element is reduced, when oxidation number decreases.

Oxidation state is also known as oxidation number. It is defined as the number assigned to the elements in a chemical combination and this number represents the electrons which an atom can share, lose or gain to form chemical bonding with an atom of another element.

Therefore, transfer of electrons refers to the oxidation state.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The oxidation state of all atoms in chlorate ion ( ClO3− )should be assigned.

Concept introduction:

The chemical reaction in which both oxidation and reduction process takes place is known as redox reaction. In this reaction, transfer of electrons takes place among the elements.

Oxidation is the process in which either loss of electrons takes place, oxidation number increases, or loss of hydrogen atoms takes place. An element is oxidized, when oxidation number increases.

Reduction is the process in which either gain of electrons takes place, oxidation number decreases, or gain of hydrogen atoms takes place. An element is reduced, when oxidation number decreases.

Oxidation state is also known as oxidation number. It is defined as the number assigned to the elements in a chemical combination and this number represents the electrons which an atom can share, lose or gain to form chemical bonding with an atom of another element.

Therefore, transfer of electrons refers to the oxidation state.

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Answer 5

Chapter 4, Problem 39QAP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The oxidation state of all atoms in nitrogen oxide should be assigned.

Concept introduction:

The chemical reaction in which both oxidation and reduction process takes place is known as redox reaction. In this reaction, transfer of electrons takes place among the elements.

Oxidation is the process in which either loss of electrons takes place, oxidation number increases, or loss of hydrogen atoms takes place. An element is oxidized, when oxidation number increases.

Reduction is the process in which either gain of electrons takes place, oxidation number decreases, or gain of hydrogen atoms takes place. An element is reduced, when oxidation number decreases.

Oxidation state is also known as oxidation number. It is defined as the number assigned to the elements in a chemical combination and this number represents the electrons which an atom can share, lose or gain to form chemical bonding with an atom of another element.

Therefore, transfer of electrons refers to the oxidation state.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The oxidation state of all atoms in ammonia should be assigned.

Concept introduction:

The chemical reaction in which both oxidation and reduction process takes place is known as redox reaction. In this reaction, transfer of electrons takes place among the elements.

Oxidation is the process in which either loss of electrons takes place, oxidation number increases, or loss of hydrogen atoms takes place. An element is oxidized, when oxidation number increases.

Reduction is the process in which either gain of electrons takes place, oxidation number decreases, or gain of hydrogen atoms takes place. An element is reduced, when oxidation number decreases.

Oxidation state is also known as oxidation number. It is defined as the number assigned to the elements in a chemical combination and this number represents the electrons which an atom can share, lose or gain to form chemical bonding with an atom of another element.

Therefore, transfer of electrons refers to the oxidation state.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The oxidation state of all atoms in potassium peroxide should be assigned.

Concept introduction:

The chemical reaction in which both oxidation and reduction process takes place is known as redox reaction. In this reaction, transfer of electrons takes place among the elements.

Oxidation is the process in which either loss of electrons takes place, oxidation number increases, or loss of hydrogen atoms takes place. An element is oxidized, when oxidation number increases.

Reduction is the process in which either gain of electrons takes place, oxidation number decreases, or gain of hydrogen atoms takes place. An element is reduced, when oxidation number decreases.

Oxidation state is also known as oxidation number. It is defined as the number assigned to the elements in a chemical combination and this number represents the electrons which an atom can share, lose or gain to form chemical bonding with an atom of another element.

Therefore, transfer of electrons refers to the oxidation state.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The oxidation state of all atoms in chlorate ion ( ClO3− )should be assigned.

Concept introduction:

The chemical reaction in which both oxidation and reduction process takes place is known as redox reaction. In this reaction, transfer of electrons takes place among the elements.

Oxidation is the process in which either loss of electrons takes place, oxidation number increases, or loss of hydrogen atoms takes place. An element is oxidized, when oxidation number increases.

Reduction is the process in which either gain of electrons takes place, oxidation number decreases, or gain of hydrogen atoms takes place. An element is reduced, when oxidation number decreases.

Oxidation state is also known as oxidation number. It is defined as the number assigned to the elements in a chemical combination and this number represents the electrons which an atom can share, lose or gain to form chemical bonding with an atom of another element.

Therefore, transfer of electrons refers to the oxidation state.

Answer 6

Chapter 4, Problem 39QAP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The oxidation state of all atoms in nitrogen oxide should be assigned.

Concept introduction:

The chemical reaction in which both oxidation and reduction process takes place is known as redox reaction. In this reaction, transfer of electrons takes place among the elements.

Oxidation is the process in which either loss of electrons takes place, oxidation number increases, or loss of hydrogen atoms takes place. An element is oxidized, when oxidation number increases.

Reduction is the process in which either gain of electrons takes place, oxidation number decreases, or gain of hydrogen atoms takes place. An element is reduced, when oxidation number decreases.

Oxidation state is also known as oxidation number. It is defined as the number assigned to the elements in a chemical combination and this number represents the electrons which an atom can share, lose or gain to form chemical bonding with an atom of another element.

Therefore, transfer of electrons refers to the oxidation state.

Answer 7

Chapter 4, Problem 39QAP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The oxidation state of all atoms in nitrogen oxide should be assigned.

Concept introduction:

The chemical reaction in which both oxidation and reduction process takes place is known as redox reaction. In this reaction, transfer of electrons takes place among the elements.

Oxidation is the process in which either loss of electrons takes place, oxidation number increases, or loss of hydrogen atoms takes place. An element is oxidized, when oxidation number increases.

Reduction is the process in which either gain of electrons takes place, oxidation number decreases, or gain of hydrogen atoms takes place. An element is reduced, when oxidation number decreases.

Oxidation state is also known as oxidation number. It is defined as the number assigned to the elements in a chemical combination and this number represents the electrons which an atom can share, lose or gain to form chemical bonding with an atom of another element.

Therefore, transfer of electrons refers to the oxidation state.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The oxidation state of all atoms in ammonia should be assigned.

Concept introduction:

The chemical reaction in which both oxidation and reduction process takes place is known as redox reaction. In this reaction, transfer of electrons takes place among the elements.

Oxidation is the process in which either loss of electrons takes place, oxidation number increases, or loss of hydrogen atoms takes place. An element is oxidized, when oxidation number increases.

Reduction is the process in which either gain of electrons takes place, oxidation number decreases, or gain of hydrogen atoms takes place. An element is reduced, when oxidation number decreases.

Oxidation state is also known as oxidation number. It is defined as the number assigned to the elements in a chemical combination and this number represents the electrons which an atom can share, lose or gain to form chemical bonding with an atom of another element.

Therefore, transfer of electrons refers to the oxidation state.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The oxidation state of all atoms in ammonia should be assigned.

Concept introduction:

The chemical reaction in which both oxidation and reduction process takes place is known as redox reaction. In this reaction, transfer of electrons takes place among the elements.

Oxidation is the process in which either loss of electrons takes place, oxidation number increases, or loss of hydrogen atoms takes place. An element is oxidized, when oxidation number increases.

Reduction is the process in which either gain of electrons takes place, oxidation number decreases, or gain of hydrogen atoms takes place. An element is reduced, when oxidation number decreases.

Oxidation state is also known as oxidation number. It is defined as the number assigned to the elements in a chemical combination and this number represents the electrons which an atom can share, lose or gain to form chemical bonding with an atom of another element.

Therefore, transfer of electrons refers to the oxidation state.

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The oxidation state of all atoms in potassium peroxide should be assigned.

Concept introduction:

The chemical reaction in which both oxidation and reduction process takes place is known as redox reaction. In this reaction, transfer of electrons takes place among the elements.

Oxidation is the process in which either loss of electrons takes place, oxidation number increases, or loss of hydrogen atoms takes place. An element is oxidized, when oxidation number increases.

Reduction is the process in which either gain of electrons takes place, oxidation number decreases, or gain of hydrogen atoms takes place. An element is reduced, when oxidation number decreases.

Oxidation state is also known as oxidation number. It is defined as the number assigned to the elements in a chemical combination and this number represents the electrons which an atom can share, lose or gain to form chemical bonding with an atom of another element.

Therefore, transfer of electrons refers to the oxidation state.

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The oxidation state of all atoms in potassium peroxide should be assigned.

Concept introduction:

The chemical reaction in which both oxidation and reduction process takes place is known as redox reaction. In this reaction, transfer of electrons takes place among the elements.

Oxidation is the process in which either loss of electrons takes place, oxidation number increases, or loss of hydrogen atoms takes place. An element is oxidized, when oxidation number increases.

Reduction is the process in which either gain of electrons takes place, oxidation number decreases, or gain of hydrogen atoms takes place. An element is reduced, when oxidation number decreases.

Oxidation state is also known as oxidation number. It is defined as the number assigned to the elements in a chemical combination and this number represents the electrons which an atom can share, lose or gain to form chemical bonding with an atom of another element.

Therefore, transfer of electrons refers to the oxidation state.

Answer 12

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The oxidation state of all atoms in chlorate ion ( ClO3− )should be assigned.

Concept introduction:

The chemical reaction in which both oxidation and reduction process takes place is known as redox reaction. In this reaction, transfer of electrons takes place among the elements.

Oxidation is the process in which either loss of electrons takes place, oxidation number increases, or loss of hydrogen atoms takes place. An element is oxidized, when oxidation number increases.

Reduction is the process in which either gain of electrons takes place, oxidation number decreases, or gain of hydrogen atoms takes place. An element is reduced, when oxidation number decreases.

Oxidation state is also known as oxidation number. It is defined as the number assigned to the elements in a chemical combination and this number represents the electrons which an atom can share, lose or gain to form chemical bonding with an atom of another element.

Therefore, transfer of electrons refers to the oxidation state.

Answer 13

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The oxidation state of all atoms in chlorate ion ( ClO3− )should be assigned.

Concept introduction:

The chemical reaction in which both oxidation and reduction process takes place is known as redox reaction. In this reaction, transfer of electrons takes place among the elements.

Oxidation is the process in which either loss of electrons takes place, oxidation number increases, or loss of hydrogen atoms takes place. An element is oxidized, when oxidation number increases.

Reduction is the process in which either gain of electrons takes place, oxidation number decreases, or gain of hydrogen atoms takes place. An element is reduced, when oxidation number decreases.

Oxidation state is also known as oxidation number. It is defined as the number assigned to the elements in a chemical combination and this number represents the electrons which an atom can share, lose or gain to form chemical bonding with an atom of another element.

Therefore, transfer of electrons refers to the oxidation state.

Answer 14

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