9th Edition

ISBN: 9781133949640

Author: John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David Treichel

Publisher: Cengage Learning

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Stoichiometry is a chemical division that evaluates the quantitative content of the chemical process with the help of the reacting molecules or products taking part in the reaction. The term “stoicheion” in “Stoichiometry”, is an old Greek term for "elem…

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Textbook Question

Chapter 4, Problem 120GQ

ATOM ECONOMY: Ethylene oxide, C₂H₄O, is an important industrial chemical [as it is the starting place to make such important chemicals as ethylene glycol (antifreeze) and various polymers]. One way to make the compound is called the “chlorohydrin route.”

C₂H₄ + Cl₂ + Ca(OH)₂ → C₂H₄O + CaCl₂ + H₂O

Another route is the modern catalytic reaction.

C₂H₄ + 1/2 O₂ → C₂H₄O

(a) Calculate the % atom economy for the production of C₂H₄O in each of these reactions. Which is the more efficient method?
(b) What is the percent yield of C₂H₄O if 867 g of C₂H₄ is used to synthesize 762 g of the product by the catalytic reaction?

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Chapter 4 Solutions

Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity

Ch. 4.1 - What mass of oxygen, O2, is required to completely...Ch. 4.1 - Aluminum reacts with Cl2 to form AlCl3. If you...Ch. 4.1 - Prob. 2RC Ch. 4.2 - The thermite reaction produces iron metal and...Ch. 4.2 - Prob. 1RC Ch. 4.3 - Aluminum carbide, Al4C3, reacts with water to...Ch. 4.3 - 2. If only 13.6 g of methane is obtained, what is...Ch. 4.4 - One method for determining the purity of a sample...Ch. 4.4 - A 0523-g sample of the unknown compound CxHy was...Ch. 4.4 - Prob. 3CYU

Ch. 4.4 - A 0509-g sample of an unknown organic compound...Ch. 4.5 - Sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3, is used in baking...Ch. 4.5 - An experiment calls for you to use 250. mL of 1.00...Ch. 4.5 - 1. A 1.71-g sample of Ba(OH)2(s) was dissolved in...Ch. 4.5 - Prob. 2RC Ch. 4.5 - 3. What volume of 0.250 M KMnO4(aq) contains 0.500...Ch. 4.6 - (a) What is the pH of a solution of HCI in which...Ch. 4.6 - Which of the solutions listed below has the lowest...Ch. 4.6 - A 0.365-g sample of HCl is dissolved in enough...Ch. 4.6 - 3. A solution has a pH of 10.54. What is the...Ch. 4.7 - Prob. 1CYU Ch. 4.7 - A 25.0-mL sample of vinegar (which contains the...Ch. 4.7 - Hydrochloric acid. HCl, with a concentration of...Ch. 4.7 - An unknown monoprotic acid reacts with NaOH...Ch. 4.7 - Vitamin C, ascorbic acid (C6HgO6)(molar mass 176.1...Ch. 4.7 - Prob. 1RC Ch. 4.7 - What volume of 0.250 M NaOH is required to react...Ch. 4.8 - Prob. 1CYU Ch. 4.8 - Prob. 1RC Ch. 4.8 - Prob. 2RC Ch. 4 - The reaction of iron(III) oxide with aluminum to...Ch. 4 - What mass of HCI, in grams, is required to react...Ch. 4 - Like many metals, aluminum reacts with a halogen...Ch. 4 - The balanced equation for the reduction of iron...Ch. 4 - Methane, CH4, burns in oxygen. (a) What are the...Ch. 4 - The formation of water-Insoluble silver chloride...Ch. 4 - The metals industry was a major source of air...Ch. 4 - Prob. 8PS Ch. 4 - Chromium metal reacts with oxygen to give...Ch. 4 - Ethane, C2H6, burns in oxygen. (a) What are the...Ch. 4 - Prob. 11PS Ch. 4 - Ammonia gas can be prepared by the reaction of a...Ch. 4 - The compound SF6 is made by burning sulfur in an...Ch. 4 - Disulfur dichloride, S2Cl2, is used to vulcanize...Ch. 4 - The reaction of methane and water is one way to...Ch. 4 - Aluminum chloride AlCl3, is made by treating scrap...Ch. 4 - In the thermite reaction, iron(III) oxide is...Ch. 4 - Aspirin, C6H4 (OCOCH3) CO3H, is produced by the...Ch. 4 - In Example 4.2, you found that a particular...Ch. 4 - Ammonia gas can be prepared by the following...Ch. 4 - The deep blue compound Cu(NH3)4S04 is made by the...Ch. 4 - Black smokers are found in the depths of the...Ch. 4 - The reaction of methane and water is one way to...Ch. 4 - Methanol, CH3OH, can be prepared from carbon...Ch. 4 - A mixture of CuSO4 and CuSO4.5 H2O has a mass of...Ch. 4 - A 2.634-g sample containing impure CuCl2 2 H2O was...Ch. 4 - Prob. 27PS Ch. 4 - Prob. 28PS Ch. 4 - Nickel(II) sulfide, NiS, occurs naturally as the...Ch. 4 - The aluminum in a 0.764-g sample of an unknown...Ch. 4 - Prob. 31PS Ch. 4 - Mesitylene is a liquid hydrocarbon Burning 0.115 g...Ch. 4 - Naphthalene is a hydrocarbon that once was used in...Ch. 4 - Azulene is a beautiful blue hydrocarbon. If 0.106...Ch. 4 - An unknown compound has the formula CxHyOz. You...Ch. 4 - An unknown compound has the formula CxHyOz. You...Ch. 4 - Nickel forms a compound with carbon monoxide,...Ch. 4 - To find the formula of a compound composed of iron...Ch. 4 - If 6.73 g of Na2CO3 is dissolved in enough water...Ch. 4 - Some potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7), 2.335 g, is...Ch. 4 - What is the mass of solute, in grams, in 250, mL...Ch. 4 - Prob. 42PS Ch. 4 - What volume of 0123 M NaOH, in milliliters,...Ch. 4 - What volume of 2.06 M KMnO4, in liters, contains...Ch. 4 - Identify the ions that exist in each aqueous...Ch. 4 - Identify the ions that exist in each aqueous...Ch. 4 - An experiment in your laboratory requires 500. mL...Ch. 4 - What mass of oxalic acid, H2C2O4, is required to...Ch. 4 - If you dilute 25.0 mL of 1.50 M hydrochloric acid...Ch. 4 - If 4.00 mL of 0.0250 M CuSO4 is diluted to 10.0 mL...Ch. 4 - Which of the following methods would you use to...Ch. 4 - Which of the following methods would you use to...Ch. 4 - You have 250. mL of 0.136 M HCl. Using a...Ch. 4 - Prob. 54PS Ch. 4 - A table wine has a pH of 3.40. What is the...Ch. 4 - A saturated solution of milk of magnesia, Mg(OH)2,...Ch. 4 - Prob. 57PS Ch. 4 - Prob. 58PS Ch. 4 - Prob. 59PS Ch. 4 - Prob. 60PS Ch. 4 - Prob. 61PS Ch. 4 - What mass of Na2CO3, in grams, is required for...Ch. 4 - When an electric current is passed through an...Ch. 4 - Hydrazine, N2H4, a base like ammonia, can react...Ch. 4 - In the photographic developing process, silver...Ch. 4 - You can dissolve an aluminum soft drink can in an...Ch. 4 - What volume of 0.750 M Pb(NO3)2, in milliliters,...Ch. 4 - What volume of 0.125 M oxalic acid, H2C2O4, is...Ch. 4 - What volume of 0.812 M HCI, in milliliters, is...Ch. 4 - What volume of 0.955 M HCl, in milliliters, is...Ch. 4 - If 38.55 mL of HCI is required to titrate 2.150 g...Ch. 4 - Potassium hydrogen phthalate, KHCgH4O4, is used to...Ch. 4 - You have 0.954 g of an unknown acid, H2A, which...Ch. 4 - An unknown solid acid is either citric acid or...Ch. 4 - To analyze an iron-containing compound, you...Ch. 4 - Vitamin C has the formula C6H8O6. Besides being an...Ch. 4 - Prob. 77PS Ch. 4 - Suppose 16.04 g of benzene, C6H6, is burned in...Ch. 4 - The metabolic disorder diabetes causes a buildup...Ch. 4 - Your body deals with excess nitrogen by excreting...Ch. 4 - The reaction of iron metal and chlorine gas to...Ch. 4 - Prob. 83GQ Ch. 4 - The reaction of 750. g each of NH3 and O2 was...Ch. 4 - Sodium azide, an explosive chemical used in...Ch. 4 - Prob. 86GQ Ch. 4 - Prob. 87GQ Ch. 4 - Prob. 88GQ Ch. 4 - Prob. 89GQ Ch. 4 - A Menthol, from oil of mint, has a characteristic...Ch. 4 - Benzoquinone, a chemical used in the dye industry...Ch. 4 - Aqueous solutions of iron(II) chloride and sodium...Ch. 4 - Sulfuric acid can be prepared starting with the...Ch. 4 - Prob. 94GQ Ch. 4 - An unknown metal reacts with oxygen to give the...Ch. 4 - Titanium(IV) oxide, TiO2, is heated in hydrogen...Ch. 4 - Potassium perchlorate is prepared by the following...Ch. 4 - A Commercial sodium "hydrosulfite" is 90.1%...Ch. 4 - What mass of lime, CaO, can be obtained by heating...Ch. 4 - The elements silver, molybdenum, and sulfur...Ch. 4 - A mixture of butene, C4Hg, and butane, is burned...Ch. 4 - Cloth can be waterproofed by coating it with a...Ch. 4 - Copper metal can be prepared by roasting copper...Ch. 4 - Prob. 104GQ Ch. 4 - Sodium bicarbonate and acetic acid react according...Ch. 4 - A noncarbonated soft drink contains an unknown...Ch. 4 - Sodium thiosulfate, Na2S2O3, is used as a fixer in...Ch. 4 - You have a mixture of oxalic acid, H2C2O4, and...Ch. 4 - (a) What is the pH of a 0.105 M HCl solution? (b)...Ch. 4 - A solution of hydrochloric acid has a volume of...Ch. 4 - One half liter (500. mL) of 2.50 M HCl is mixed...Ch. 4 - A solution of hydrochloric acid has a volume of...Ch. 4 - Prob. 113GQ Ch. 4 - Prob. 115GQ Ch. 4 - Prob. 116GQ Ch. 4 - Gold can be dissolved from gold-bearing rock by...Ch. 4 - You mix 25.0 mL of 0.234 M FeCl3 with 42.5 mL of...Ch. 4 - Prob. 119GQ Ch. 4 - ATOM ECONOMY: Ethylene oxide, C2H4O, is an...Ch. 4 - Suppose you dilute 25.0 mL of a 0.110 M solution...Ch. 4 - Prob. 122IL Ch. 4 - Oyster beds in the oceans require chloride ions...Ch. 4 - You wish to determine the weight percent of copper...Ch. 4 - Prob. 126IL Ch. 4 - Chromium(III) chloride forms many compounds with...Ch. 4 - Thioridazine, C21H26N2S2, is a pharmaceutical...Ch. 4 - A herbicide contains 2,4-D...Ch. 4 - Sulfuric acid is listed in a catalog with a...Ch. 4 - Two beakers sit on a balance; the total mass is...Ch. 4 - A weighed sample of iron (Fe) is added to liquid...Ch. 4 - Let us explore a reaction with a limiting...Ch. 4 - Two students titrate different samples of the same...Ch. 4 - ATOM ECONOMY: Benzene, C6H6, is a common compound,...Ch. 4 - ATOM ECONOMY: Maleic anhydride, C4H2O3, can be...

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Solution Summary: The author explains that Atom economy is one of the key parameters used to evaluate the efficiency of a reaction.

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Chapter 4 Solutions