
Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation
9th Edition
ISBN: 9781337399425
Author: Steven S. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher: Cengage Learning
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Question
Chapter 4, Problem 114CP
Interpretation Introduction
Interpretation:
The given table should be completed.
Concept Introduction:
The formation of ion takes place by complete transfer of electron(s) from an atom. The compound formed by ions are said to be ionic compound and the force of attraction between them is electrostatic force of attraction.
Expert Solution & Answer

Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solution
Students have asked these similar questions
On the next page is an LC separation of the parabens found in baby wash. Parabens are
suspected in a link to breast cancer therefore an accurate way to quantitate them is desired.
a. In the chromatogram, estimate k' for ethyl paraben. Clearly indicate what values you used for
all the terms in your calculation.
b. Is this a "good" value for a capacity factor? Explain.
c. What is the resolution between n-Propyl paraben and n-Butyl paraben? Again, indicate clearly
what values you used in your calculation.
MAU
| Methyl paraben
40
20
0
-2
Ethyl paraben n-Propyl paraben
n-Butyl paraben
App ID 22925
6
8
min
d. In Figure 4, each stationary phase shows some negative correlation between plate count
and retention factor. In other words, as k' increases, N decreases. Explain this relationship
between k' and N.
Plate Count (N)
4000
3500
2500
2000
1500
1000
Figure 4. Column efficiency (N) vs retention factor (k') for 22
nonionizable solutes on FMS (red), PGC (black), and COZ (green). 3000
Eluent compositions (acetonitrile/water, A/W) were adjusted to obtain
k' less than 15, which was achieved for most solutes as follows: FMS
(30/70 A/W), PGC (60/40), COZ (80/20). Slightly different
compositions were used for the most highly retained solutes. All
columns were 50 mm × 4.6 mm id and packed with 5 um particles,
except for COZ, which was packed with 3 um particles. All other
chromatographic conditions were constant: column length 5 cm,
column j.§. 4.6 mm, flow rate 2 mL/min, column temperature 40 °C,
and injection volume 0.5 μL
Log(k'x/K'ethylbenzene)
FMS
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
ཐྭ ཋ ཤྩ བྷྲ ;
500
0
5
10…
f. Predict how the van Deemter curve in Figure 7
would change if the temperature were raised
from 40 °C to 55 °C.
Figure 7. van Desmter curves in reduced coordinates for four
nitroalkane homologues (nitropropane, black; nitrobutane, red;
nitropentane, blue; and nitrohexane, green) separated on the FMS
phase. Chromatographic conditions: column dimensions 50 mm × 4.6
mm id, eluent 30/70 ACN/water, flow rates 0.2-5.0 mL/min, injection
volume 0.5 and column temperature 40 °C. No corrections to the
plate heights have been made to account for extracolumn dispersion.
Reduced Plate Height (h)
°
20
40
60
Reduced Velocity (v)
8. (2) A water sample is analyzed for traces of benzene using headspace analysis. The sample and
standard are spiked with a fixed amount of toluene as an internal standard. The following data are
obtained:
Ppb benzene
Peak area benzene
Peak area toluene
10.0
252
376
Sample
533
368
What is the concentration of benzene in the sample?
Chapter 4 Solutions
Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation
Ch. 4.4 - Exercise 4.1 Write the formula for each of the...Ch. 4.5 - The average diameter of an atom ¡s1.31010 m. What...Ch. 4.5 - You have learned about three different models of...Ch. 4.7 - Exercise 4.2 Give the number of protons, neutrons,...Ch. 4.7 - Exercise 4.3 Give the number of protons, neutrons,...Ch. 4.7 - Exercise 4.4 Give the symbol for the phosphorus...Ch. 4.8 - Exercise 4.5 Give the symbol and atomic number for...Ch. 4.11 - Thomson and Rutherford helped to show that atoms...Ch. 4.11 - Prob. 4.6SCCh. 4 - Knowing the number of protons in the atom of a...
Ch. 4 - The average mass of a carbon atom is 12.011....Ch. 4 - Prob. 3ALQCh. 4 - Prob. 4ALQCh. 4 - The vitamin niacin (nicotinic acid,C6H5NO2 ) can...Ch. 4 - One of the best indications of a useful theory is...Ch. 4 - Prob. 7ALQCh. 4 - How does Dalton’s atomic theory account for the...Ch. 4 - Prob. 9ALQCh. 4 - These questions concern the work of J. J. Thomson:...Ch. 4 - Heat is applied to an ice cube until only steam is...Ch. 4 - What makes a carbon atom different from a nitrogen...Ch. 4 - Hundreds of years ago, alchemists tried to turn...Ch. 4 - Chlorine has two prominent isotopes,37Cl and35Cl ....Ch. 4 - Prob. 15ALQCh. 4 - Prob. 16ALQCh. 4 - Rutherford was surprised when some of theparticles...Ch. 4 - It is good practice to actively read the textbook...Ch. 4 - Why is the term “sodium chloride molecule”...Ch. 4 - Both atomic elements and molecular elements exist....Ch. 4 - Now that you have gone through Chapter 4, go back...Ch. 4 - Write the formula for each of the following...Ch. 4 - Prob. 23ALQCh. 4 - What were the four fundamental substances...Ch. 4 - Prob. 2QAPCh. 4 - Prob. 3QAPCh. 4 - Prob. 4QAPCh. 4 - What are the live most abundant elements (by mass)...Ch. 4 - Read the “Chemistry in Focus” segment Trace...Ch. 4 - Prob. 7QAPCh. 4 - The symbols for most elements are based on the...Ch. 4 - Find the symbol in Column 2 for each name in...Ch. 4 - Prob. 10QAPCh. 4 - Use the periodic table shown in Fig. 4.9 to find...Ch. 4 - Prob. 12QAPCh. 4 - Prob. 13QAPCh. 4 - Prob. 14QAPCh. 4 - A given compound always contains the same...Ch. 4 - Correct each of the following misstatements from...Ch. 4 - Prob. 17QAPCh. 4 - A given compound always contains the same relative...Ch. 4 - Based on the following word descriptions, write...Ch. 4 - Based on the following word descriptions, write...Ch. 4 - Scientists J. J. Thomson and William Thomson (Lord...Ch. 4 - True or false? Rutherford’s bombardment...Ch. 4 - Where are neutrons found in an atom? Are neutrons...Ch. 4 - What are the positively charged particles found in...Ch. 4 - Do the proton and the neutron have exactly the...Ch. 4 - The proton and the (electron/neutron) have almost...Ch. 4 - An average atomic nucleus has a diameter of about...Ch. 4 - Which particles in an atom are most responsible...Ch. 4 - Prob. 29QAPCh. 4 - True or false? The mass number of a nucleus...Ch. 4 - For an isolated atom, why do we expect the number...Ch. 4 - Why do we not necessarily expect the number of...Ch. 4 - Dalton’s original atomic theory proposed that all...Ch. 4 - Prob. 34QAPCh. 4 - For each of the following elements, use the...Ch. 4 - Prob. 36QAPCh. 4 - Write the atomic symbol(ZAX) for each of the...Ch. 4 - Write the atomic symbol(ZAX) for each of the...Ch. 4 - How many protons and neutrons are contained in the...Ch. 4 - Read the Chemistry in Focus” segment “Whair”Do You...Ch. 4 - Read the “Chemistry in Focus” segmentIsotope...Ch. 4 - Complete the following table. Name Symbol Atomic...Ch. 4 - True or false? The elements are arranged in the...Ch. 4 - Prob. 44QAPCh. 4 - List the characteristic physical properties that...Ch. 4 - Where are the metallic elements found on the...Ch. 4 - Prob. 47QAPCh. 4 - List five nonmetallic elements that exist as...Ch. 4 - Under ordinary conditions, only a few pure...Ch. 4 - The elements that lie close to the “stair-step”...Ch. 4 - Prob. 51QAPCh. 4 - Without looking at your textbook or the periodic...Ch. 4 - Prob. 53QAPCh. 4 - Prob. 54QAPCh. 4 - Most substances are composed of _________ rather...Ch. 4 - Prob. 56QAPCh. 4 - Prob. 57QAPCh. 4 - Prob. 58QAPCh. 4 - Molecules of nitrogen gas and oxygen gas are said...Ch. 4 - Give three examples of gaseous elements that exist...Ch. 4 - Prob. 61QAPCh. 4 - If sodium chloride (table salt) is melted and then...Ch. 4 - Prob. 63QAPCh. 4 - The two most common elemental forms of carbon are...Ch. 4 - An isolated atom has a net charge of ________ .Ch. 4 - Prob. 66QAPCh. 4 - A simple ion with a 3+ charge (for example, A13+)...Ch. 4 - An ion that has two more electrons outside the...Ch. 4 - Prob. 69QAPCh. 4 - Prob. 70QAPCh. 4 - Prob. 71QAPCh. 4 - True or false?N3 andP3 contain a different number...Ch. 4 - How many electrons are present in each of the...Ch. 4 - Prob. 74QAPCh. 4 - For the following processes that show the...Ch. 4 - For the following ions, indicate whether electrons...Ch. 4 - For each of the following atomic numbers, use the...Ch. 4 - On the basis of the element’s location in the...Ch. 4 - List some properties of a substance that would...Ch. 4 - Prob. 80QAPCh. 4 - Prob. 81QAPCh. 4 - Prob. 82QAPCh. 4 - For each of the following positive ions, use the...Ch. 4 - For each of the following negative ions, use the...Ch. 4 - Prob. 85APCh. 4 - Prob. 86APCh. 4 - Prob. 87APCh. 4 - Prob. 88APCh. 4 - Which of the following is(are) true regardingand...Ch. 4 - Which subatomic particles contribute most to the...Ch. 4 - Is it possible for the same Iwo elements to form...Ch. 4 - Carbohydrates, a class of compounds containing the...Ch. 4 - Prob. 93APCh. 4 - How many protons and neutrons are contained in the...Ch. 4 - Though the common isotope of aluminum has a mass...Ch. 4 - Prob. 96APCh. 4 - Prob. 97APCh. 4 - Prob. 98APCh. 4 - Prob. 99APCh. 4 - Prob. 100APCh. 4 - Prob. 101APCh. 4 - A metal ion with a 2+ charge contains 34 neutrons...Ch. 4 - Prob. 103APCh. 4 - Write the simplest formula for each of the...Ch. 4 - Prob. 105APCh. 4 - Write the atomic symbol(ZAX) for each of the...Ch. 4 - How many protons and neutrons are contained in the...Ch. 4 - Prob. 108APCh. 4 - Prob. 109APCh. 4 - Prob. 110APCh. 4 - Prob. 111CPCh. 4 - Prob. 112CPCh. 4 - Complete the following table. Number of Protons...Ch. 4 - Prob. 114CPCh. 4 - Using the periodic table, complete the following...Ch. 4 - Prob. 116CPCh. 4 - Which of the following is(are) correct? a.40Ca2+...
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, chemistry and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- Liquid chromatography has been used to track the concentration of remdesivir (a broad-spectrum antiviral drug, structure shown at right) in COVID patients undergoing experimental treatments. Intensity The authors provide the following details regarding standard solutions preparation: HN CN HO OH NH2 Remdesivir (RDV) stock solution (5000 µg/mL) was prepared by dissolving RDV drug powder using the mixture of DMSO: MeOH (30:70 v/v). The RDV working standard solutions for calibration and quality controls were prepared using methanol in concentrations of 100, 10, 1, 0.1, 0.01 µg/mL. 1, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 250, 500, 1000, and 5000 ng/mL sample solutions were prepared freshly by spiking calibration standard solutions into the blank human plasma samples for method calibration. a) What type of calibration method is being described? Why do you think the authors chose this method as opposed to another? b) Based on the details provided in part a, describe an appropriate method blank…arrow_forwardRecent advancements in liquid chromatography include the development of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) and an increased use of capillary columns that had previously only been used with gas chromatography. Both of these advances have made the development of portable LC systems possible. For example, Axcend Corp. makes a portable system that uses a capillary column with an internal diameter of 150-μm-that is packed with 1.7-um stationary phase particles. In contrast, a traditional LC column has a 4.6 mm internal diameter and utilizes 5-um stationary phase particles. a) Explain one advantage that is afforded by the use of a capillary column in liquid chromatographic separation. Explain one disadvantage of capillary columns. b) Explain how the use of smaller stationary phase particles can improve the resolution of a separation. Include any relevant equations that support your explanation. c) A scientist at Rowan University is using the Axcend LC to conduct analyses of F…arrow_forwardThis paper describes the use of fullerene molecules, also known as buckyballs, as a stationary phase for liquid chromatography. The performance of the fullerene-modified stationary phase (FMS) is compared to that of a more common C18 stationary phase and to two other carbon-based stationary phases, PGC and COZ. A. 10A OM B. - Figure 1. Idealized drawing of the cross-section of a pore inside a silica particle, showing the relative densities of aminopropylsilyl (red/green) and fullerene (blue) groups: (A) full cross- section; (B) detailed view of covalent bonding of fullerene to the silica surface. Surface densities of silyl and fullerene groups were inferred from elemental composition results obtained at each stage of the synthesis (see Table 1). Absorbance (mAU, 220 nm) 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 a. Define selectivity, a, with words and an equation. b. Explain how the choice of stationary phase affects selectivity. c. Calculate the resolution of the nitrobenzene and toluene peaks in…arrow_forward
- Normalized Intensity (a. u.) 0.5 1.0 A 3D-printed GC column (shown below) was created for use with "micro" gas chromatography applications. To prove its utility, it was used to separate a mixture of alkanes (C9-C18, C22, C24). For the separation shown below, the column temperature was ramped from 40 °C to 250 °C at a rate of 30 °C per minute. (a) 9 10 = 1 mm 12 13 15 22 0.0 0 100 200 300 400 Time (sec) a) What detector would you use for this analysis? Justify your selection. b) Explain how the chromatogram would change if the separation was run isothermally. c) Explain how the chromatogram would change if the temperature ramp were increased to 50 °C per minute.arrow_forwardDevise a synthesis of each compound from the indicated starting material. You may also use any organic compounds with one or two carbons and any needed inorganic reagents. a. Brarrow_forwardPlease help me with #2b & #3 using the data.arrow_forward
- Heparin is used as an anti-coagulant. A risk of heparin use is thrombocytopenia, or low platelet count. This risk is minimized with the use of low molecular weight heparins (LMWH), therefore it is desirable to separate LMWH from higher molecular weight heparins. The method of choice to do this is molecular exclusion chromatography. Below is a chromatogram from a molecular exclusion chromatographic run. Peaks ranging from A to J are clearly distinguishable. The heparin mixture that was analyzed had anywhere from 6 to 30 repeat units of monomer (where the heparin with 30 repeat units would be roughly five times the size of the heparin with six repeat units). a. Which letter most likely represents the peak with 6 repeat units given these heparin polymers were separated with molecular exclusion chromatography? b. Explain your reasoning describing the mechanism of retention in molecular exclusion chromatography. 100 80 60 60 Relative Abundance 40 40 E GH 20 20 B A 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 50…arrow_forwardHELP NOW PLEASE ! URGENT!arrow_forwardHELP NOW PLEASE ! URGENT!arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
- Introductory Chemistry: A FoundationChemistryISBN:9781337399425Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry: An Atoms First ApproachChemistryISBN:9781305079243Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. ZumdahlPublisher:Cengage LearningWorld of Chemistry, 3rd editionChemistryISBN:9781133109655Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan L. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Brooks / Cole / Cengage Learning
- Chemistry for Today: General, Organic, and Bioche...ChemistryISBN:9781305960060Author:Spencer L. Seager, Michael R. Slabaugh, Maren S. HansenPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305957404Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Cengage Learning

Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation
Chemistry
ISBN:9781337399425
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Cengage Learning

Chemistry: An Atoms First Approach
Chemistry
ISBN:9781305079243
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl
Publisher:Cengage Learning

World of Chemistry, 3rd edition
Chemistry
ISBN:9781133109655
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan L. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Brooks / Cole / Cengage Learning

Chemistry for Today: General, Organic, and Bioche...
Chemistry
ISBN:9781305960060
Author:Spencer L. Seager, Michael R. Slabaugh, Maren S. Hansen
Publisher:Cengage Learning

Chemistry
Chemistry
ISBN:9781305957404
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Cengage Learning

Periodic Properties of Elements | Chemistry | IIT-JEE | NEET | CBSE | Misostudy; Author: Misostudy;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L26rRWz4_AI;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY
Periodic Trends: Electronegativity, Ionization Energy, Atomic Radius - TUTOR HOTLINE; Author: Melissa Maribel;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0h8q1GIQ-H4;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY