What is signal and receptor. Introduction: A process through which the plants convert their plastids and etioplast that are present inside its chloroplast is known as de-etiolation. The plants that have undergone etiolation process would be growing in complete darkness and are generally thin, long and whilte in color.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 39, Problem 1IQ

a.

Summary Introduction

To determine: What is signal and receptor.

Introduction: A process through which the plants convert their plastids and etioplast that are present inside its chloroplast is known as de-etiolation. The plants that have undergone etiolation process would be growing in complete darkness and are generally thin, long and whilte in color.

a.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

In the process of de-etiolation, signal is light and the receptor is a phytochrome, a blue pigment that is present in the cytosol.

b.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The important steps that are involved in the process of transduction of the signal.

Introduction: A process through which the plants convert their plastids and etioplast that are present inside its chloroplast is known as de-etiolation. The plants that have undergone etiolation process would be growing in complete darkness and are generally thin, long and whilte in color.

b.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The phytochrome pigment is activated by light. This activated phytochrome triggers atleast two signal pathways. One pathway results in the production of cGMP (cyclic guanosine monophosphate). The other pathway results in the increase of cytosolic calcium or Ca²⁺ levels. Both the pathways activate specific kinases enzymes. Some of them might activates several transcription factors that change the expression of genes.

c.

Summary Introduction

To determine: What is the growth response of plants and proteins involved in the plant’s growth response.

Introduction: Light is significant for the growth of the plants, however, it is essential to direct the growth as well as the development of plants. Sunlight serves as the signal to initiate and regulate the process of photomorphogenesis and photoperiodism. The two-light systems that play a major in the growth responses are the red light sensitive system and the blue light sensitive system.

c.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The growth response of a plant is generally dependent on the stimulus or light. Changes in the plant such as the expansion of leaves, elongation of roots as well as the slowing of stem part elongation are collectively known as the growth response of the plants. In the de-etiolation process, levels of growth-regulating hormones are altered and the production of new enzymes is activated. This activation leads to the production of chlorophyll or the photosynthesis process.

The proteins that are involved in the growth responses are auxin (protein for expansion), cytokinin (protein for mitosis), and cytokin (protein for apoptosis).

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✓ Details Draw a protein that is embedded in a membrane (a transmembrane protein), label the lipid bilayer and the protein. Identify the areas of the lipid bilayer that are hydrophobic and hydrophilic. Draw a membrane with two transporters: a proton pump transporter that uses ATP to generate a proton gradient, and a second transporter that moves glucose by secondary active transport (cartoon-like is ok). It will be important to show protons moving in the correct direction, and that the transporter that is powered by secondary active transport is logically related to the proton pump.

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 39, Problem 1IQ

a.

Summary Introduction

To determine: What is signal and receptor.

Introduction: A process through which the plants convert their plastids and etioplast that are present inside its chloroplast is known as de-etiolation. The plants that have undergone etiolation process would be growing in complete darkness and are generally thin, long and whilte in color.

a.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

In the process of de-etiolation, signal is light and the receptor is a phytochrome, a blue pigment that is present in the cytosol.

b.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The important steps that are involved in the process of transduction of the signal.

Introduction: A process through which the plants convert their plastids and etioplast that are present inside its chloroplast is known as de-etiolation. The plants that have undergone etiolation process would be growing in complete darkness and are generally thin, long and whilte in color.

b.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The phytochrome pigment is activated by light. This activated phytochrome triggers atleast two signal pathways. One pathway results in the production of cGMP (cyclic guanosine monophosphate). The other pathway results in the increase of cytosolic calcium or Ca²⁺ levels. Both the pathways activate specific kinases enzymes. Some of them might activates several transcription factors that change the expression of genes.

c.

Summary Introduction

To determine: What is the growth response of plants and proteins involved in the plant’s growth response.

Introduction: Light is significant for the growth of the plants, however, it is essential to direct the growth as well as the development of plants. Sunlight serves as the signal to initiate and regulate the process of photomorphogenesis and photoperiodism. The two-light systems that play a major in the growth responses are the red light sensitive system and the blue light sensitive system.

c.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The growth response of a plant is generally dependent on the stimulus or light. Changes in the plant such as the expansion of leaves, elongation of roots as well as the slowing of stem part elongation are collectively known as the growth response of the plants. In the de-etiolation process, levels of growth-regulating hormones are altered and the production of new enzymes is activated. This activation leads to the production of chlorophyll or the photosynthesis process.

The proteins that are involved in the growth responses are auxin (protein for expansion), cytokinin (protein for mitosis), and cytokin (protein for apoptosis).

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 39, Problem 1IQ

a.

Summary Introduction

To determine: What is signal and receptor.

Introduction: A process through which the plants convert their plastids and etioplast that are present inside its chloroplast is known as de-etiolation. The plants that have undergone etiolation process would be growing in complete darkness and are generally thin, long and whilte in color.

a.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

In the process of de-etiolation, signal is light and the receptor is a phytochrome, a blue pigment that is present in the cytosol.

b.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The important steps that are involved in the process of transduction of the signal.

Introduction: A process through which the plants convert their plastids and etioplast that are present inside its chloroplast is known as de-etiolation. The plants that have undergone etiolation process would be growing in complete darkness and are generally thin, long and whilte in color.

b.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The phytochrome pigment is activated by light. This activated phytochrome triggers atleast two signal pathways. One pathway results in the production of cGMP (cyclic guanosine monophosphate). The other pathway results in the increase of cytosolic calcium or Ca²⁺ levels. Both the pathways activate specific kinases enzymes. Some of them might activates several transcription factors that change the expression of genes.

c.

Summary Introduction

To determine: What is the growth response of plants and proteins involved in the plant’s growth response.

Introduction: Light is significant for the growth of the plants, however, it is essential to direct the growth as well as the development of plants. Sunlight serves as the signal to initiate and regulate the process of photomorphogenesis and photoperiodism. The two-light systems that play a major in the growth responses are the red light sensitive system and the blue light sensitive system.

c.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The growth response of a plant is generally dependent on the stimulus or light. Changes in the plant such as the expansion of leaves, elongation of roots as well as the slowing of stem part elongation are collectively known as the growth response of the plants. In the de-etiolation process, levels of growth-regulating hormones are altered and the production of new enzymes is activated. This activation leads to the production of chlorophyll or the photosynthesis process.

The proteins that are involved in the growth responses are auxin (protein for expansion), cytokinin (protein for mitosis), and cytokin (protein for apoptosis).

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Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 4

Question

Chapter 39, Problem 1IQ

a.

Summary Introduction

To determine: What is signal and receptor.

Introduction: A process through which the plants convert their plastids and etioplast that are present inside its chloroplast is known as de-etiolation. The plants that have undergone etiolation process would be growing in complete darkness and are generally thin, long and whilte in color.

a.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

In the process of de-etiolation, signal is light and the receptor is a phytochrome, a blue pigment that is present in the cytosol.

b.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The important steps that are involved in the process of transduction of the signal.

Introduction: A process through which the plants convert their plastids and etioplast that are present inside its chloroplast is known as de-etiolation. The plants that have undergone etiolation process would be growing in complete darkness and are generally thin, long and whilte in color.

b.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The phytochrome pigment is activated by light. This activated phytochrome triggers atleast two signal pathways. One pathway results in the production of cGMP (cyclic guanosine monophosphate). The other pathway results in the increase of cytosolic calcium or Ca²⁺ levels. Both the pathways activate specific kinases enzymes. Some of them might activates several transcription factors that change the expression of genes.

c.

Summary Introduction

To determine: What is the growth response of plants and proteins involved in the plant’s growth response.

Introduction: Light is significant for the growth of the plants, however, it is essential to direct the growth as well as the development of plants. Sunlight serves as the signal to initiate and regulate the process of photomorphogenesis and photoperiodism. The two-light systems that play a major in the growth responses are the red light sensitive system and the blue light sensitive system.

c.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The growth response of a plant is generally dependent on the stimulus or light. Changes in the plant such as the expansion of leaves, elongation of roots as well as the slowing of stem part elongation are collectively known as the growth response of the plants. In the de-etiolation process, levels of growth-regulating hormones are altered and the production of new enzymes is activated. This activation leads to the production of chlorophyll or the photosynthesis process.

The proteins that are involved in the growth responses are auxin (protein for expansion), cytokinin (protein for mitosis), and cytokin (protein for apoptosis).

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Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 5

Chapter 39, Problem 1IQ

a.

Summary Introduction

To determine: What is signal and receptor.

Introduction: A process through which the plants convert their plastids and etioplast that are present inside its chloroplast is known as de-etiolation. The plants that have undergone etiolation process would be growing in complete darkness and are generally thin, long and whilte in color.

a.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

In the process of de-etiolation, signal is light and the receptor is a phytochrome, a blue pigment that is present in the cytosol.

b.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The important steps that are involved in the process of transduction of the signal.

Introduction: A process through which the plants convert their plastids and etioplast that are present inside its chloroplast is known as de-etiolation. The plants that have undergone etiolation process would be growing in complete darkness and are generally thin, long and whilte in color.

b.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The phytochrome pigment is activated by light. This activated phytochrome triggers atleast two signal pathways. One pathway results in the production of cGMP (cyclic guanosine monophosphate). The other pathway results in the increase of cytosolic calcium or Ca²⁺ levels. Both the pathways activate specific kinases enzymes. Some of them might activates several transcription factors that change the expression of genes.

c.

Summary Introduction

To determine: What is the growth response of plants and proteins involved in the plant’s growth response.

Introduction: Light is significant for the growth of the plants, however, it is essential to direct the growth as well as the development of plants. Sunlight serves as the signal to initiate and regulate the process of photomorphogenesis and photoperiodism. The two-light systems that play a major in the growth responses are the red light sensitive system and the blue light sensitive system.

c.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The growth response of a plant is generally dependent on the stimulus or light. Changes in the plant such as the expansion of leaves, elongation of roots as well as the slowing of stem part elongation are collectively known as the growth response of the plants. In the de-etiolation process, levels of growth-regulating hormones are altered and the production of new enzymes is activated. This activation leads to the production of chlorophyll or the photosynthesis process.

The proteins that are involved in the growth responses are auxin (protein for expansion), cytokinin (protein for mitosis), and cytokin (protein for apoptosis).

Answer 6

Chapter 39, Problem 1IQ

a.

Summary Introduction

To determine: What is signal and receptor.

Introduction: A process through which the plants convert their plastids and etioplast that are present inside its chloroplast is known as de-etiolation. The plants that have undergone etiolation process would be growing in complete darkness and are generally thin, long and whilte in color.

a.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

In the process of de-etiolation, signal is light and the receptor is a phytochrome, a blue pigment that is present in the cytosol.

Answer 7

Chapter 39, Problem 1IQ

a.

Summary Introduction

To determine: What is signal and receptor.

Introduction: A process through which the plants convert their plastids and etioplast that are present inside its chloroplast is known as de-etiolation. The plants that have undergone etiolation process would be growing in complete darkness and are generally thin, long and whilte in color.

Answer 8

a.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

In the process of de-etiolation, signal is light and the receptor is a phytochrome, a blue pigment that is present in the cytosol.

Answer 9

a.

Expert Solution

Answer 10

a.

Expert Solution

Answer 11

Expert Solution

Answer 12

b.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The important steps that are involved in the process of transduction of the signal.

Introduction: A process through which the plants convert their plastids and etioplast that are present inside its chloroplast is known as de-etiolation. The plants that have undergone etiolation process would be growing in complete darkness and are generally thin, long and whilte in color.

b.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The phytochrome pigment is activated by light. This activated phytochrome triggers atleast two signal pathways. One pathway results in the production of cGMP (cyclic guanosine monophosphate). The other pathway results in the increase of cytosolic calcium or Ca²⁺ levels. Both the pathways activate specific kinases enzymes. Some of them might activates several transcription factors that change the expression of genes.

Answer 13

b.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The important steps that are involved in the process of transduction of the signal.

Introduction: A process through which the plants convert their plastids and etioplast that are present inside its chloroplast is known as de-etiolation. The plants that have undergone etiolation process would be growing in complete darkness and are generally thin, long and whilte in color.

Answer 14

b.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The phytochrome pigment is activated by light. This activated phytochrome triggers atleast two signal pathways. One pathway results in the production of cGMP (cyclic guanosine monophosphate). The other pathway results in the increase of cytosolic calcium or Ca²⁺ levels. Both the pathways activate specific kinases enzymes. Some of them might activates several transcription factors that change the expression of genes.

Answer 15

b.

Expert Solution

Answer 16

b.

Expert Solution

Answer 17

Expert Solution

Answer 18

c.

Summary Introduction

To determine: What is the growth response of plants and proteins involved in the plant’s growth response.

Introduction: Light is significant for the growth of the plants, however, it is essential to direct the growth as well as the development of plants. Sunlight serves as the signal to initiate and regulate the process of photomorphogenesis and photoperiodism. The two-light systems that play a major in the growth responses are the red light sensitive system and the blue light sensitive system.

c.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The growth response of a plant is generally dependent on the stimulus or light. Changes in the plant such as the expansion of leaves, elongation of roots as well as the slowing of stem part elongation are collectively known as the growth response of the plants. In the de-etiolation process, levels of growth-regulating hormones are altered and the production of new enzymes is activated. This activation leads to the production of chlorophyll or the photosynthesis process.

The proteins that are involved in the growth responses are auxin (protein for expansion), cytokinin (protein for mitosis), and cytokin (protein for apoptosis).

Answer 19

c.

Summary Introduction

To determine: What is the growth response of plants and proteins involved in the plant’s growth response.

Introduction: Light is significant for the growth of the plants, however, it is essential to direct the growth as well as the development of plants. Sunlight serves as the signal to initiate and regulate the process of photomorphogenesis and photoperiodism. The two-light systems that play a major in the growth responses are the red light sensitive system and the blue light sensitive system.

Answer 20

c.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The growth response of a plant is generally dependent on the stimulus or light. Changes in the plant such as the expansion of leaves, elongation of roots as well as the slowing of stem part elongation are collectively known as the growth response of the plants. In the de-etiolation process, levels of growth-regulating hormones are altered and the production of new enzymes is activated. This activation leads to the production of chlorophyll or the photosynthesis process.

The proteins that are involved in the growth responses are auxin (protein for expansion), cytokinin (protein for mitosis), and cytokin (protein for apoptosis).